. 2020 Nov 22;21(22):8830. doi: 10.3390/ijms21228830

Table 1.

Flow cytometry as an alternative in the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory diseases.

Respiratory Disease		^[A]Conventional Diagnostic and Monitoring Methods	Alternative to Evaluate by Flow Cytometry to Support the Diagnostics and Monitoring	References
^[B] COPD		Spirometry test	IL-33 (alarmin)	[49]
^[B] COPD		Spirometry test	Extracellular vesicles (CD144⁺CD31⁺CD62E⁺)	[50]
Asthma		Skin test ^[C]FeNO test Family history	IgE –FcεRIα expression on basophils, monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells	[52]
			CD5, CD1d and CD27 expression on B cell	[53]
			NKT invariant cells (V_α24J_α18)	[54]
			NKG2D expression on NK cells	[55]
			CD8⁺IL-13⁺ T cell	[56]
			IL-4R expression on conversion from T_ireg to Th₁₇	[57]
			IL- 18R expression on basophils and mast cells	[58]
^[D] AILRT	Influenza	^[E]RT-PCR Lung exploration	Cell maps to identify variations of PBMC based on ^[F]t-SNE analysis	[62,66]
			Microsphere-based antibody assay	[63,64]
			Hemagglutinin-specific memory B cells	[65]
	SARS-CoV-2	^[G]NAAT ^[E]RT-PCR Serological testing	Cell maps to identify variations of T cells based on ^[F]t-SNE analysis	[67]
	SARS-CoV-2	^[G]NAAT ^[E]RT-PCR Serological testing	Microsphere-based antibody assay	[68]
TB		Clinical data ^[H]IGRA ^[I]TST ^[JI]AFB Smear Mycobacterial Cultures ^[F]NAAT	Galectin 9, TLR-2 and 4, CD68, CD33, and CD86 expression on macrophages and monocytes	[70,71]
			CD8+TCRαβ+NKG2DdimCD56high	[72]
			CD3/TCRαβ monocytes	[73,74,75]
			CD40L expression on T cells (central memory)	[76]
			CD161 expression on T cells	[77]
Lung cancer		Imaging tests Biopsy Lung function tests	PD-1 expression	[79,80]
			IL-35 on NSCLC	[81]
			T_regCD4⁺CD25^high	[82]
			CD4⁺TERT⁺ / CD4⁺LAP-TGF-β⁺	[83,84]
			CD8⁺CD28⁺	[85]

Abbreviations: ^[A]Conventional is defined as those established by WHO and CDC in their guidelines. ^[B]Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ^[C]Nitric Oxide test. ^[D]Acute infections of the lower respiratory tract. ^[E]Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. ^[F]High-dimensional unbiased stoichiometric analysis. ^[G]Nucleic Acid amplification test. ^[H]The interferon gamma release assay test. ^[I]Tuberculin skin tests. ^[J]Acid-fast bacillus test.