Figure 3.

The evolution of animal and human coronaviruses (CoVs). The genera alphacoronavirus, betacoronavirus, gammacoronavirus, and deltacoronavirus have been delineated with dark red, blue, green, and pink lines, respectively. The subgenera of CoVs are demarcated with black dashed lines and indicated with italic type. The common names of CoVs are mentioned in parenthesis, and those of human CoVs are highlighted with red font. Abbreviations: BCoV—bovine coronavirus; CCoV—canine coronavirus; CRCoV—canine respiratory coronavirus; FCoV—feline coronavirus; FRCoV—ferret coronavirus; HCoV—human coronavirus; IBV—infectious bronchitis virus; MCV—mink coronavirus; MERS-CoV—middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MHV—mouse hepatitis virus; PDCoV—porcine deltacoronavirus; PEDV—porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PHEV—porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus; PRCoV—porcine respiratory coronavirus; QCoV—quail coronavirus; SADS-CoV—swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus; SARS-CoV—severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; TCoV—turkey coronavirus; TGEV—transmissible gastroenteritis virus.