Table 1.

Comparisons of the various features of SARS-CoV-2 with those of coronaviruses (CoVs) in livestock and companion animals.

Host	Common Name of Virus, Subgenus, Genus	Receptor/s	Clinical Manifestation/s	Vaccine Strategies	References
Humans	SARS-CoV-2, Sarbecovirus, Betacoronavirus	ACE2	Fever, cough, atypical pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, diarrhea, and multiple organ failure	Viral-vectored; mRNA-based; DNA-based; live attenuated; inactivated, protein subunit; virus-like particle	[9,10,29]
Cattle	Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Embecovirus, Betacoronavirus	Neu5,9Ac2/ HLA-I	Diarrhea, winter dysentery, and/or respiratory disease	Live attenuated; inactivated	[20,29,30,31]
Pigs	Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Tegacovirus, Alphacoronavirus	APN	Diarrhea, vomiting	Live attenuated; inactivated; recombinant proteins expressed in baculovirus, yeast, and plants; DNA-based	[18,19,20,29,30,32]
	Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), Tegacovirus, Alphacoronavirus	APN	Fever, atypical pneumonia	Recombinant adenovirus vector-based	[19,20,29,33]
	Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Pedacovirus, Alphacoronavirus	Sialic acid? APN 1	Diarrhea, vomiting	Live attenuated; inactivated; recombinant proteins expressed in baculovirus, yeast, plants and bacteria; DNA-based	[18,19,29,30,32]
	Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)/Swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV), Rhinacovirus, Alphacoronavirus	Not determined	Diarrhea, vomiting	Inactivated (reported as unpublished data in Zhou et al. (2019) [34])	[18,29,34,35]
	Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), Buldecovirus, Deltacoronavirus	APN, other unknown receptor/s?	Diarrhea, vomiting	Inactivated	[18,29,36]
	Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), Embecovirus, Betacoronavirus	Neu5,9Ac2	Neurological signs, vomiting, wasting	Inactivated and DNA-based vaccine evaluated in mice	[29,37,38]
Poultry	Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Igacovirus, Gammacoronavirus	Neu5Gc	Respiratory disease, renal injury, and/or reduction in egg quality and quantity	Live attenuated; inactivated; viral vector-based; subunit/peptide-based; plasmid DNA-based	[21,22,29,39,40]
Cats	Feline coronavirus I (FCoV-I), Feline coronavirus II (FCoV-II), Tegacovirus, Alphacoronavirus	APN	Mild diarrhea, asymptomatic infection (feline enteric CoV (FECoV)). Body cavity effusions and fibrinous and/or granulomatous inflammatory lesions in various organs (seen in wet form of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)). Uveitis and neurological signs (common in dry form of FIPV).	Modified live intranasal vaccine (was licensed, but not recommended by American Association of Feline Practitioners).	[17,29,41]
Dogs	Canine coronavirus I (CCoV-I), Canine coronavirus II (CCoV-II), Tegacovirus, Alphacoronavirus	APN	Mild diarrhea. Systemic disease with vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and neurologic signs (pantropic CCoV-II)	Modified live; inactivated	[14,29,30]
	Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), Embecovirus, Betacoronavirus	HLA-I	Mild respiratory disease	No information available	[14,29,42]

¹ It has been demonstrated that APN is not a functional receptor of PEDV [18].