Table 1.
Main characteristics of the study population stratified by No HF Controls and on the basis of HF type.
| Ctr (n = 29) |
HFpEF (n = 23) |
HFmrEF (n = 23) |
HFrEF (n = 24) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 60.52 ± 8.91 | 63.87 ± 10.25 | 63.00 ± 9.16 | 63.50 ± 9.57 | 0.558 |
| Sex, (M/F) n (%) | 19/10 (65.5/34.5) | 13/10 (56.5/43.5) | 15/8 (65.2/34.8) | 16/8 (66.7/33.3) | 0.157 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.00 ± 3.14 | 27.89 ± 2.80 | 28.40 ± 3.80 | 28.07 ± 4.73 | 0.545 |
| SBP, mmHg | 126 ± 8 a | 123 ± 7 b | 121 ± 6 c | 106 ± 12 | <0.0001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 81 ± 5 a | 80 ± 4 d | 79 ± 7 e | 72 ± 8 | <0.0001 |
| EF, % | 61.07 ± 4.75 f,g | 57.61 ± 5.39 h | 44.35 ± 2.93 i | 33.03 ± 4.24 | <0.0001 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 31.33 ± 14.00 f | 105.00 ± 64.42 b,j | 408.08 ± 55.5 i | 814.50 ± 193.83 | <0.0001 |
| LVESV, mL | 32.56 ± 4.82 f | 44.30 ± 17.48 b,k | 72.63 ± 21.69 i | 122.17 ± 33.56 | <0.0001 |
| LVEDV, mL | 84.83 ± 10.22 a | 103.17 ± 34.06 k | 131.68 ± 39.51 l | 171.25 ± 44.74 | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac Index, L/min/m2 | 2.94 ± 0.35 | 2.82 ± 0.47 | 2.74 ± 0.43 | 2.64 ± 0.36 | 0.059 |
| SPAP, mmHg | 28.41 ± 3.57 m,n | 40.00 ± 17.15 | 32.16 ± 5.83 | 36.33 ± 11.48 | 0.002 |
| E/e’ ratio | 6.72 ± 1.56 a,o | 12.85 ± 6.75 | 10.87 ± 2.61 p | 16.54 ± 8.03 | <0.0001 |
| Walking distance at 6′, m | 522.69 ± 26.63 q | 387.30 ± 56.14 | 406.65 ± 49.14 | 408.54 ± 73.69 | <0.0001 |
| Walking distance at 6′ ≥ 350 m, n (%) | 29 (100.0) | 19 (82.6) | 18 (78.3) | 18 (75.0) | 0.049 |
| CKD, (yes) n (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (22.2) | 6 (26.7) | 8 (35) | 0.116 |
| Hypertension, (yes) n (%) | 10 (34.5) | 16 (69.6) | 14 (60.9) | 14 (58.3) | 0.063 |
| Dyslipidaemia, (yes) n (%) | 7 (24.1) | 12 (52.2) | 12 (52.2) | 14 (58.3) | 0.051 |
| Smoking, (yes) n (%) | 8 (27.6) | 5 (21.7) | 9 (39.1) | 6 (25.0) | 0.582 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, (yes) n (%) | 2 (6.9) | 8 (34.8) | 6 (26.1) | 9 (37.5) | 0.042 |
| COPD, (yes) n (%) | 3 (10.3) | 5 (21.7) | 4 (17.4) | 6 (25.0) | 0.541 |
| Prior MI, (yes) n (%) | 0 (0) | 4 (26.7) | 8 (44.4) | 12 (50.0) | 0.415 |
| HF etiology, (yes) n (%) | |||||
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 0 (0) | 5 (21.7) | 11 (47.8) | 19 (79.2) | 0.004 |
| Valvular cardiomyopathy | 0 (0) | 6 (26.1) | 5 (21.7) | 2 (8.3) | 0.083 |
| Hypertensive cardiomyopathy | 0 (0) | 5 (21.7) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (4.2) | 0.329 |
| Primary cardiomyopathy | 0 (0) | 7 (30.4) | 3 (13) | 2 (8.3) | 0.195 |
| Diuretics, (yes) n (%) | 1 (3.4) | 8 (34.8) | 27 (73.9) | 20 (83.3) | <0.0001 |
| Beta-blockers, (yes) n (%) | 3 (10.3) | 22 (95.7) | 21 (91.3) | 22 (91.7) | <0.0001 |
| ACE-inhibitors, (yes) n (%) | 4 (13.8) | 14 (60.9) | 15 (65.2) | 15 (62.5) | <0.0001 |
| ARBs, (yes) n (%) | 3 (10.3) | 7 (30.4) | 7 (30.4) | 3 (12.5) | 0.132 |
| Statins, (yes) n (%) | 8 (27.6) | 15 (65.2) | 16 (69.6) | 16 (66.7) | 0.004 |
Ctr, No Heart Failure Controls; HFpEF, Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction; HFmrEF, Heart failure with mid-range Ejection Fraction; HFrEF, Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction; BMI, Body Mass Index; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; EF, Ejection Fraction; BNP, Brain Natriuretic Peptide; LVESV, Left Ventricle End Systolic Volume; LVEDV, Left Ventricle End Diastolic Volume; SPAP, Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; MI, Myocardial Infarction; ARBs, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. a Ctr vs. HFrEF p < 0.0001; b HFpEF vs. HFrEF p < 0.0001; c HFmrEF vs. HFrEF p = 0.002; d HFpEF vs. HFrEF p = 0.001; e HFmrEF vs. HFrEF p = 0.035; f Ctr vs. HFmrEF and HFrEF group p < 0.0001; g Ctr vs. HFpEF p = 0.038; h HFpEF vs. HFmrEF and HFrEF group p < 0.0001; i HFmrEF vs. HFrEF p < 0.0001; j HFpEF vs. HFmrEF p = 0.010; k HFpEF vs. HFmrEF p = 0.002; l HFmrEF vs. HFrEF p = 0.001; m Ctr vs. HFpEF p = 0.002; n Ctr vs. HFrEF p = 0.028; o Ctr vs. HFpEF p = 0.003; p HFmrEF vs. HFrEF p = 0.004; q Ctr vs. all other groups p < 0.0001.