Table 2.

Effects of AgNPs against various bacterial pathogens.

Bacterial Strain	Proposed Systems	Effects	Refs.
Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)	AgNPs biosynthesized with petai (Parkia speciosa), fig tree (Ficus hispida), pomegranate (Punica granatum), Sida cordifolia and Platycodon grandiflorum extracts	Antibacterial effect due to size-related cytotoxicity and phytochemicals	[135,136,137,138,139]
	AgNPs biosynthesized with coriander (Coriandrum sativum) leaf extract and AgNPs bioreduced by Actinomycetes strain	Bacterial death due to cellular uptake and Ag+-mediated DNA damage	[140,141]
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis)	AgNPs biosynthesized with night-blooming jasmine (Cestrum nocturnum) extract	Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects exhibited for lower and higher AgNPs concentrations, respectively	[142]
	AgNPs bioreduced by Fusarium semitectum strain	Strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity	[143,144]
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae)	AgNPs biosynthesized with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) and mango (Mangifera indica) flower extracts and wild ginger (Alpinia nigra) fruit extract	Antibacterial effect due to size-related cytotoxicity and phytochemicals	[145,146,147]
	AgNPs bioreduced by Nostoc Bahar M. cyanobacteria	Strong bactericidal effect due to imbalance in bacterial antioxidants and enzymes, fragmentation and degradation of bacterial proteins	[148]
	AgNPs bioreduced by Bifidobacterium bifidum strain	Antibacterial activity due to inhibitory effects on efflux pump genes	[149]
	PVP-capped AgNPs	Antibacterial effects due to membrane disruption and cytoplasmic protein leakage, anti-biofilm effects due to inhibitory activity on extracellular protein substances	[150]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)	AgNPs biosynthesized with sesame (Sesamum indicum) oil, horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and stonebreaker (Phyllanthus niruri) extracts	Bacterial death due to cellular uptake and size-related intracellular toxicity	[151,152,153]
	AgNPs dendronized with cationic carbosilane dendrons and modified with PEG	Destabilization of outer membrane, degradation of peptidoglycan layer (in conjunction with endolysin)	[154]
	AgNPs biosynthesized with eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) leaf extract	Strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity	[155]
	AgNPs biosynthesized with Lysiloma acapulcensis extract	Antibacterial effect due to size-related cytotoxicity and phytochemicals	[156]
Salmonella enterica (S. enterica)	AgNPs biosynthesized with green tea (Camellia sinensis) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) extracts	Synergistic inhibitory and bactericidal effects due to size-related toxicity and phytochemicals	[157,158]
	AgNPs capped with afzelin and quercitrin extracted from Crotolaria tetragona	Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, anti-biofilm activity due to alteration of membrane potential and efflux pumps and modification of bacterial surface hydrophobicity	[159]
	AgNPs bioreduced by Penicillium polonicum strain	Strong bactericidal activity due to membrane disruption and cytoplasmic protein leakage	[160]
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis)	AgNPs biosynthesized with river bushwillow (Combretum erythrophyllum) leaf extract, grape (Vitis vinifera) fruit extract and Elytraria acaulis leaf extract	Bacterial death due to cellular uptake and size-related intracellular toxicity	[161,162,163]
	AgNPs biosynthesized with tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil	Inhibitory and bactericidal effects due to membrane disruption and bacterial internalization, synergistic toxicity related to AgNPs size and tea tree essential oil	[164]
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)	AgNPs biosynthesized with citrus (Citrus limetta) peel extract	Antibacterial effect due to size-related membrane permeability alteration and anti-biofilm activity	[165]
	SiO2-coated AgNPs biosynthesized with green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract	Strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity	[166]
Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes)	AgNPs biosynthesized with Dodonaea viscosa extract and AgNPs bioreduced by Saccharopolyspora hirsute strain	Antibacterial effect due to size-related cytotoxicity and phytochemicals	[167,168]