Table 1.
Studies demonstrating cGAS–STING-dependent innate immune signaling following ionizing radiation.
| Ref | Radiation Dose | Cells/Model | Cell/Tissue Type | Response(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [19] | 1 Gy, 5 Gy b | MEFs in vitro | mouse embryonic fibroblasts | micronuclei formation |
| [20] | 20 Gy c | MCF10A in vitro | human breast epithelial cells | micronuclei formation |
| [21] | 12 Gy b | MEFs in vitro; WI-38 in vitro |
mouse embryonic fibroblasts; human lung fibroblasts |
CCF a production |
| [22] | 40 Gy | MC38 in vitro | mouse colon carcinoma | mtDNA a release into cytosol |
| [23] | 75 Gy b in vitro pre-treatment | EG7 in vivo (s.c.) a | mouse lymphoma | oxidized mtDNA |
| [24] | 4 Gy whole mouse |
C57Bl/6 | liver | ↓ d inflammatory factors with host STING-deficiency |
| [25] | 8 Gy b × 3 a | TSA and 4T1 in vitro MDA-MB-231 in vitro MCA38 in vitro |
mouse mammary carcinomas human breast adenocarcinoma mouse colorectal carcinoma |
↓ type I IFN a with cGAS- or STING-deficiency |
| [26] | 20 Gy 40 Gy |
MC38 in vivo (s.c.) MC38-SIY in vitro |
mouse colon adenocarcinoma mouse colon adenocarcinoma (expressing tumor-antigen) |
↓ efficacy with host STING-deficiency ↓ DC a activation + T cell stimulation with cGAS- or STING-deficient DCs |
| [27] | 8 Gy b × 3 | TSA in vitro | mouse mammary carcinoma | ↓ DC activation with STING-deficient DCs |
| [28] | 20 Gy b | CT26 in vivo (s.c.) | mouse colorectal carcinoma | ↓ efficacy with host cGAS-deficiency |
| [29] | 1 Gy, 5 Gy b | BMDMs in vitro | bone-marrow-derived macrophages | ↓ type I IFN with STING-deficiency |
| [30] | 8 Gy b | E0771 in vivo (orthotopic) | mouse breast carcinoma | ↓ efficacy with cGAMP depletion or host STING-deficiency |
a Abbreviations: cytoplasmic chromatin fragments (CCFs); dendritic cell (DC); interferon (IFN); mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA); subcutaneous (s.c.); 3 doses (× 3). b External beam X-ray irradiator. c γ-irradiator. d Decreased.