Table 1.
Detailed information on the studies included in this review.
| Reference | City and Country | Study Design | Number of Pregnant Women | Mean Maternal Age (Years) | Number of Fetuses | Trimester of COVID-19 Diagnosis | Maternal Positive Throat Swab for COVID-19 |
Mean Gestational Age at Birth (Weeks) |
Neonatal Positive Throat Swab for COVID-19 |
Potential Sources of Transmission Studied | Confirmed Source of Transmission | Neonatal Feeding Method | Vaginal Delivery |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [47] | Lima (Peru) | Case report | 1 | 41 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 34 | 1 | Not assessed | None | Formula | 0 |
| [48] | New York (USA) | Case series | 43 | 26.9 | 18 | 3 | 43 | 37 | 0 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 10 |
| [11] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 9 | 29.8 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 37.2 | 0 | Amniotic fluid, cord blood, and breast milk | None | Not reported | 0 |
| [30] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 3 | 29.7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 36.6 | 0 | Placenta | None | Not reported | Not reported |
| [31] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 5 | 28.8 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 39.5 | 0 | Placenta | None | Formula | 3 |
| [49] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 4 | 29 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 37.1 | 0 | None | None | Formula | 1 |
| [50] | Las Palmas Gran Canaria (Spain) | Case report | 1 | 44 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 29 | 0 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 0 |
| [51] | Zanjan (Iran) | Case report | 1 | 27 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 30 | Not reported | Not reported | None | Not reported | 1 |
| [23] | Wuhan (China) | Case report | 3 | 29.3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 37 | 0 | Umbilical cord blood | None | Not reported | 3 |
| [52] | Wuhan (China) | Case-Control | 16 | 30.3 | 17 | 3 | 16 | 38 | 0 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 2 |
| [12] | Wuhan (China) | Case report | 1 | 30 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 35 | 0 | Serum, urine, feces, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, placenta, and breast milk | None | Not reported | 0 |
| [53] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 15 | 32.5 | 15 | 1, 2 and 3 | 15 | 37.1 | 0 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 1 |
| [54] | Guangdong (China) | Case series | 13 | 29 | 13 | 2 and 3 | 13 | 32 | None | Not reported | None | Not reported | 0 |
| [13] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 19 | 31 | 19 | 3 | 19 | 36.3 | 0 | Breast milk, amniotic fluid, and cord blood | None | Formula | 1 |
| [55] | Chengde (China) | Case report | 1 | 22 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 38 | 0 | Serum | None | Formula | 0 |
| [14] | Wanzhou (China) | Case report | 1 | 25 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 35.3 | 0 | Amniotic fluid, cord blood, placenta, vaginal secretion, serum, anal sample, breast milk | None | Not reported | 0 |
| [15] | Paraná (Brazil) | Case report | 1 | 42 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 28 | 0 | Placenta, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood | Placenta, umbilical cord blood | None | 0 |
| [27] | Wuhan (China) | Case report | 1 | 34 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 40 | 0 | Breast milk | None | Formula | 0 |
| [16] | Suzhou (China) | Case report | 1 | 28 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 30 | 0 | Amniotic fluid, placenta, cord blood | None | Formula | 0 |
| [56] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 8 | 29.8 | 8 | 3 | 8 | 37.7 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 2 |
| [57] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 23 | 29 | 21 | 1 and 2 | 19 | 37 | 0 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 2 |
| [17] | Beijing (China) | Case report | 1 | 25 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 38.4 | 0 | Maternal cervical secretion, maternal rectal, breast milk, amniotic fluid, and placenta | None | Not reported | 1 |
| [28] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 13 | 30.2 | 13 | 3 | 13 | 38.2 | 0 | Not assessed | None | Not reported | 4 |
| [18] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 7 | Not reported | 7 | 3 | 7 | 36.5 | 0 | Amniotic fluid, cord blood | None | Not reported | 0 |
| [24] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 7 | 32 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 39 | 1 | Placenta, cord blood | None | Not reported | 0 |
| [19] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 2 | 30.5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | Not reported | Not reported | Amniotic fluid | None | Not reported | Not reported |
| [22] | Tegucigalpa (Honduras) | Case report | 1 | 41 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 32 | 0 | Not assessed | None | Not reported | 0 |
| [20] | Sari (Iran) | Case report | 1 | 22 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 33 | 1 | Amniotic fluid, cord blood | Amniotic fluid | Formula | 0 |
| [58] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 15 | 30 | 15 | 3 | 15 | 38 | 0 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 0 |
| [59] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 9 | 27 | 10 | 2 and 3 | 9 | 35 | 0 | Not assessed | Not assessed | Formula | 2 |
| [32] | New York (USA) | Case series | 11 | 31.6 | 11 | 3 | 11 | 34.4 | 0 | Placenta | Placenta | Not reported | 7 |
| [29] | Bergamo (Italy) | Case series | 22 | Not reported | 22 | 3 | 22 | 36 | 2 | Placenta | Placenta | Breastfeeding | 0 |
| [25] | Lausanne (Switzerland) | Case report | 1 | 28 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 19 | 1 | Placenta, cord blood, Maternal cervical secretion | Placenta | None (miscarriage) | 0 |
| [33] | Toronto (Canada) | Case report | 1 | 40 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 35 | 1 | Placenta, breast milk | Placenta, breast milk | Breastfeeding | 0 |
| [34] | Boston (USA) | Case series | 19 | 30 | 19 | 3 | 19 | 38 | 0 | Placenta | Placenta | Not reported | 7 |
| [35] | Missouri (USA) | Case report | 1 | 29 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 40 | 0 | Placenta | Placenta | Breastfeeding | 1 |
| [26] | Pune (India) | Case report | 1 | 24 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 38 | 1 | Umbilical cord stump, placenta | Umbilical cord stump, placenta | Formula | 1 |
| [36] | Palermo (Italy) | Case series | 15 | 29 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 37 | 1 | Placenta | Placenta | Not reported | 1 |
| [21] | Paris (France) | Case report | 1 | 23 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 35 | 1 | Vaginal secretion, placenta, amniotic fluid | Placenta and vaginal secretion | Formula | 0 |
| [37] | Connecticut (USA) | Case report | 1 | 35 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 22 | 0 | Placenta | Placenta | Not provided | 0 * |
| [38] | New York (USA) | Case report | 1 | 40 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 28 | 0 | Placenta | Placenta | Not provided | 0 |
| [39] | Heidenheim (Germany) | Case series | 2 | Not reported | 2 | Not reported | 2 | Not reported | 1 | Breast milk | Breast milk | Breastfeeding | Not reported |
| [40] | Adelaide (Australia) | Case report | 1 | 40 | 1 | Postpartum | 1 | 8 months (postpartum) | 1 | Breast milk | Breast milk | Breastfeeding | Not reported |
| [41] | Ankara (Turkey) | Case report | 1 | 20 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 38 | 1 | Breast milk | Breast milk | Breastfeeding | 1 |
| [45] | Zhejiang (China) | Case report | 1 | 32 | 1 | Postpartum | 1 | 13 months (postpartum) | 1 | Breast milk, feces, maternal serum | Breast milk, maternal serum | Breastfeeding | Not reported |
| [42] | Modena (Italy) | Case report | 1 | 33 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 32 | 1 | Breast milk | Breast milk | Breastfeeding | 0 |
| [43] | Los Angeles (USA) | Case series | 18 | 34.4 | 18 | 3 and postpartum | 18 | Not reported | Not reported | Breast milk | Breast milk | Not reported | Not reported |
| [46] | Shangai (China) | Case report | 1 | 33 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 38 | 0 | Vaginal secretion, maternal serum, breast milk | None | Not reported | 1 |
| [44] | Wuhan (China) | Case series | 5 | 33 | 5 | Postpartum | 5 | 36 | 0 | Vaginal secretion, serum, breast milk | Breast milk | Not reported | 1 |
* Dilation and evacuation termination of delivery.