Table A4.
Predicted shift in COVID-19 rates associated with a one standard deviation increase in county-level implicit bias (adjusted for other predictors), per 10,000 individuals in the county.
| Variable | Overall Mortality Rate |
Overall Incidence Rate |
White Incidence Rate | Black Incidence Rate |
Black–White Incidence Rate Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2994 | 2994 | 957 | 957 | 957 |
| Implicit Bias | 0.9 *** (0.54, 1.25) |
12.11 *** (6.96, 17.25) |
4.20 ** (1.65, 6.75) |
10.25 *** (5.00, 15.51) |
6.05 ** (2.61, 9.50) |
| Median Age | 0.48 ** (0.17, 0.78) |
−1.17 (−5.66, 3.32) |
4.07 ** (1.54, 6.60) |
1.63 (−4.15, 7.40) |
−2.44 (−6.59, 1.71) |
| Percent with Bachelor’s Degree | 0.41 (−0.25, 1.07) |
5.87 (−4.13, 15.87) |
−4.99 (−10.55, 0.57) |
−9.98 (−22.22, 2.27) |
−4.99 (−13.71, 3.74) |
| Percent Black | 0.08 (−0.48, 0.64) |
9.68 * (1.91, 17.45) |
1.49 (−1.68, 4.66) |
−2.53 (−9.84, 4.77) |
−4.02 (−8.94, 0.90) |
| Percent in Poverty | −0.1 (−0.56, 0.36) |
−1.96 (−9.39, 5.48) |
−6.77 ** (−10.79, −2.74) |
−16.07 *** (−23.68, −8.45) |
−9.3 *** (−14.39, −4.21) |
| Percent in Crowded Housing | −1.02 * (−1.83, -0.21) |
−0.1 (−11.60, 11.40) |
20.18 *** (11.68, 28.68) |
12.24 * (2.90, 21.59) |
−7.94 ** (−13.07, −2.80) |
| Population Density | 3.31 *** (2.38, 4.25) |
19.12 ** (6.20, 32.05) |
3.63 (−3.89, 11.15) |
15.22 ** (4.50, 25.94) |
11.59 *** (5.70, 17.49) |
| Percent Voting Trump | −1.47 *** (−2.16, -0.79) |
−13.95 ** (−24.11, −3.80) |
−12.54 *** (−17.70, −7.38) |
−36.38 *** (−47.96, −24.79) |
−23.83 *** (−32.08, −15.59) |
| R2 | 0.50 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.30 | 0.17 |
Models estimate COVID-19 outcome rates per 10,000 individuals (and associated 95% confidence intervals). Coefficients are standardized on x such that each indicates the shift in y (unstandardized) associated with a one standard deviation increase in x. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001