Table A5.
Predicted shift in COVID-19 rates associated with a one standard deviation increase in explicit bias (adjusted for other predictors), per 10,000 individuals in the county.
| Variable | Overall Mortality Rate | Overall Incidence Rate |
White Incidence Rate |
Black Incidence Rate |
Black–White Incidence Rate Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2994 | 2994 | 957 | 957 | 957 |
| Explicit Bias | 0.65 *** (0.32, 0.98) |
11.24 *** (6.35, 16.13) |
4.27 ** (1.56, 6.98) |
13.1 *** (8.45, 17.75) |
8.83 *** (5.42, 12.24) |
| Median Age | 0.56 *** (0.26, 0.86) |
0.05 (−4.49, 4.59) |
4.92 *** (2.34, 7.50) |
3.73 (−1.90, 9.35) |
−1.19 (−5.22, 2.83) |
| Percent with Bachelor’s Degree | 0.39 (−0.28, 1.06) |
5.64 (−4.44, 15.72) |
−4.78 (−10.23, 0.67) |
−9.34 (−21.35, 2.67) |
−4.56 (−13.17, 4.04) |
| Percent Black | 0.15 (−0.43, 0.73) |
10.28 * (2.39, 18.16) |
1.76 (−1.42, 4.94) |
−2.57 (−9.92, 4.78) |
−4.33 (−9.29, 0.64) |
| Percent in Poverty | −0.11 (−0.59, 0.36) |
−1.89 (−9.47, 5.69) |
−6.65 ** (−10.64, −2.67) |
−15.3 *** (−22.67, −7.93) |
−8.65 ** (−13.62, −3.68) |
| Percent in Crowded Housing | −0.94 * (−1.74, −0.15) |
1.19 (−10.11, 12.48) |
20.72 *** (12.13, 29.30) |
14.12 ** (5.06, 23.17) |
−6.6 * (−11.93, −1.27) |
| Population Density | 3.32 *** (2.35, 4.29) |
19.25 ** (5.96, 32.54) |
3.58 (−3.80, 10.95) |
14.9 ** (4.43, 25.38) |
11.33 *** (5.45, 17.20) |
| Percent Voting Trump | −1.43 *** (−2.13, −0.72) |
−14.52 ** (−25.09, −3.94) |
−12.88 *** (−18.44, −7.31) |
−38.68 *** (−50.12, −27.23) |
−25.8 *** (−33.88, −17.72) |
| R2 | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.31 | 0.17 |
Models estimate COVID-19 outcome rates per 10,000 individuals (and associated 95% confidence intervals). Coefficients are standardized on x such that each indicates the shift in y (unstandardized) associated with a one standard deviation increase in x. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001