Table 2.
Study on photobiomodulation (PBM) and socket preservation in human. A schematic representation of the experimental set-up and results.
| Model Employed | Teeth Extracted | Wavelength and Device | Parameters Irradiated | Therapy Administered | Methods of Detection | Effect of PBM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human [63] | First and second molars | 808 nm diode irradiation probe = no specified | Power = 0.1 W; Power density = 3.6 W/cm2; fluence = 89 J/cm2; irradiation time: 25 s; continuous wave mode of irradiation (CW); spot size area = 0.028 cm2 |
Irradiated at day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 15, in 5 points (2 vestibulars, 1 occlusal, 2 linguals) | Observation period = 45 days Micro-computed-tomography (mCT) Histomorphometric analysis |
improvement |
| Human [64] | Lower molars | 808 nm diode irradiation probe = no specified | 0.1 W; 2.5 W/cm2; 75 J/cm2; 30 s; CW; 0.04 cm2 | Irradiated at day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, in 5 points (2 vestibulars, 1 occlusal, 2 linguals) | Observation period = 40 days Micro-computed-tomography (mCT) Histomorphometric analysis |
improvement |
| Human [65] | molars | 940 nm diode irradiation probe = no specified | 0.9 W; 36 J; 80 s; CW | Irradiated at day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, in 2 points (1 buccal, 1 lingual) | Observation period = 56 days Histomorphometric analysis | improvement |
| Human [52] with hepatic disease |
Molars | 904-910 nm diode irradiation probe = no specified | 0.2 W; 0.2 W/cm2; 180 J/cm2; 900 s; 1 cm2; super-pulsed (SP) 200 ns; 3 kHz |
Irradiated at day 0, 3 and 5 | Observation period = 7 days. Real-time PCR = IL-1B; IL-6; IL-10; Col-1; Col-3; TGF-B2; COX-2; BMP-4; BMP-7; PPAR-B | Inflammation = improved Bone = no-effect |
| Human [53] | molars | 904-910 nm diode irradiation probe = no specified | 0.2 W; 0.2 W/cm2; 180 J/cm2; 900 s; 1 cm2; SP 200 ns; 3 kHz | Irradiated at day 0, 3 and 5 | Observation period = 7 days. Real-time PCR = IL-1B; IL-6; IL-10; Col-1; Col-3; TGF-B2; COX-2; BMP-4; BMP-7; PPAR-B | Inflammation = improved Bone = no-effect |
| Human [66] treated with allograft |
Anterior, posterior, with roots fused teeth | Osseo-pulsed phototherapy | 0.02 W/cm2; 1200 s | Irradiated for 21 days, daily | Observation period = 60 days Histomorphometric analysis |
Improvement |
| Human [67] treated with biomaterial |
Molars and premolars | 810 nm diode | 1 W; 1 W/cm2; 50 J/cm2; 50 s; 1 cm2; CW | Irradiated at day 0, 3, 5 and 7 | Observation period = 4 months. Radiographs Histomorphometric analysis |
Improvement |
| Human [68] | Molars | 670 nm diode 632.8 nm He-Ne |
670 nm = 20 mW, 1.5 J/cm2; 292 Hz, 9000 Hz, 20 mW, 1.5 mW; 5 Hz, 20 mW, 1.5 J/cm2 632.8 nm = 5 mW, 5 Hz, 1.5 J/cm2 |
Irradiated for 4 days, daily | Observation period = 6 months. Bone density with digital radiovisiography. Protein staining = immunoglobulin A, albumin | No-effect on bone |
IL = interleukin; Col = collagen type; TGF = transforming growth factor; COX = cyclooxygenase; PPAR = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; and BMP = bone morphogenetic protein.