Table 2.
Differences between individuals with and with and without PAU according CAGE cut-off ≥ 1.
| Variables | PAU+ n = 72 |
PAU− n = 199 |
Test | p= | Effect Size | r= |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age—M ± SD | 22.56 ± 2.82 | 23.42 ± 3.76 | U = 6418.5 | 0.189 | d = 0.159 | 0.079 |
| Females—n (%) | 43 (59.7%) | 140 (70.4%) | χ2 = 2.72 | 0.099 | V = 0.100 | 0.100 |
| School attainment > 13 years—n (%) | 30 (41.7%) | 94 (47.2%) | χ2 = 0.66 | 0.416 | V = 0.049 | 0.049 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Employed—n (%) | 12 (16.7%) | 45 (22.6%) | χ2 = 2.58 | 0.276 | ||
| Students—n (%) | 58 (80.6%) | 142 (71.4%) | V = 0.098 | 0.138 | ||
| Unemployed—n (%) | 2 (2.8%) | 12 (6.0%) | ||||
| Tobacco use (last 12 months)—n (%) | 49 (68.1%) | 81 (40.7%) | χ2 = 15.85 | <0.001 | V = 0.242 | 0.242 |
| Illegal drugs use (last 12 months)—n (%) | 42 (58.3%) | 64 (32.2%) | χ2 = 15.21 | <0.001 | V = 0.237 | 0.237 |
| MZQ Total score—M ± SD | 3.15 ± 0.76 | 3.51 ± 0.76 | U = 5220 | 0.001 | d = 0.424 | 0.207 |
| Self-reflection—M ± SD | 3.31 ± 0.85 | 3.64 ± 0.90 | U = 5575.5 | 0.005 | d =0.344 | 0.170 |
| Emotional awareness—M ± SD | 3.04 ± 1.10 | 3.56 ± 0.98 | U = 5087 | <0.001 | d =0.454 | 0.221 |
| Psychic equivalence—M ± SD | 3.16 ± 0.92 | 3.31 ± 0.94 | U = 6441.5 | 0.203 | d = 0.154 | 0.077 |
| Affect Regulation—M ± SD | 3.04 ± 0.97 | 3.50 ± 1.07 | U = 5301 | 0.001 | d = 0.405 | 0.198 |
| MZQ standardized residual *—M ± SD | −0.27 ± 0.99 | 0.10 ± 0.97 | U = 5499.5 | 0.003 | d = 0.361 | 0.178 |
* = scores after covering for confounding variables (gender, age, occupation, education, tobacco and illegal drugs use). Abbreviations: PAU = problematic alcohol use; CAGE = Cut-Annoyed-Guilty-Eye questionnaire; MZQ = mentalization questionnaire. In bold significant differences.