Table 3.
Differences between individuals with and without PAU according CAGE cut-off ≥ 2.
| Variables | PAU+ n = 37 |
PAU– n = 234 |
Test | p= | Effect Size | r= |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age—M ± SD | 22.49 ± 2.55 | 23.31 ± 3.67 | U = 3901 | 0.332 | d = 0.118 | 0.059 |
| Females—n (%) | 19 (51.4%) | 164 (70.1%) | χ2 = 5.11 | 0.024 | V = 0.137 | 0.137 |
| School attainment > 13 years—n (%) | 13 (35.1%) | 111 (47.4%) | χ2 = 1.95 | 0.163 | V = 0.085 | 0.085 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Employed—n (%) | 6 (16.2%) | 51 (21.8%) | χ2 = 1.28 | 0.526 | ||
| Students—n (%) | 30 (81.1%) | 170 (72.6%) | V = 0.069 | 0.097 | ||
| Unemployed—n (%) | 1 (2.7%) | 13 (5.6%) | ||||
| Tobacco use (last 12 months)—n (%) | 27 (73.0%) | 103 (44.0%) | χ2 = 10.73 | <0.001 | V = 0.199 | 0.199 |
| Illegal drugs use (last 12 months)—n (%) | 24 (64.9%) | 82 (35.0%) | χ2 = 11.93 | <0.001 | V = 0.210 | 0.210 |
| MZQ Total score—M ± SD | 3.01 ± 0.75 | 3.47 ± 0.76 | U = 2793 | 0.001 | d = 0.431 | 0.211 |
| Self-reflection—M ± SD | 3.23 ± 0.88 | 3.60 ± 0.89 | U = 3222 | 0.012 | d = 0.307 | 0.151 |
| Emotional awareness—M ± SD | 2.84 ± 1.02 | 3.51 ± 0.98 | U = 2704 | <0.001 | d = 0.457 | 0.223 |
| Psychic equivalence—M ± SD | 3.14 ± 0.85 | 3.30 ± 0.95 | U = 3828 | 0.257 | d = 0.138 | 0.069 |
| Affect Regulation—M ± SD | 2.77 ± 0.91 | 3.48 ± 1.06 | U = 2636 | <0.001 | d = 0.477 | 0.232 |
| MZQ standardized residual *—M ± SD | −0.45 ± 1.04 | 0.07 ± 0.96 | U = 2948 | 0.002 | d = 0.386 | 0.190 |
* = scores after covering for confounding variables (gender, age, occupation, education, tobacco and illegal drugs use). Abbreviations: PAU = problematic alcohol use; CAGE = Cut–Annoyed–Guilty–Eye questionnaire; MZQ = mentalization questionnaire. In bold significant differences.