Table 2.

Effects of co-incubation of extracellular vesicles and spermatozoa on ART outcome.

Specie	EVs Origen	ART used	Output	Reference
Human	Prostate	In vitro incubation in acidic media	↑ % of motile spermatozoa	[24]
Human	Prostate	In vitro capacitation	Inhibit sperm capacitation Inhibit spontaneous acrosome reaction	[25]
Human	EECs	In vitro capacitation	Enhance sperm capacitation status	[26]
Human	Prostate	In vitro capacitation	Enhance acrosome reaction response to calcium ionophore	[27]
Human/ mouse	Prostate	In vitro incubation	↑ Hypermotility ↑ IVF fertility	[28]
Mouse	Vagina from superovulated females	In vitro capacitation	Enhance sperm responsiveness to progesterone Incorporation of several sperm proteins with roles on calcium homeostasis (SPAM1, PMCA1/4, PMCA4) and capacitation process (protein tyrosine phosphorylation)	[29]
Pig	Prostate	In vitro incubation	Enhance sperm acrosome reaction	[30]
Pig	Prostate	Preservation at low temperature	Prolonged sperm motility ↑ Sperm antioxidative capacity ↓ Lipid peroxidation Protect plasma membrane Protect against premature capacitation	[31]
Stallion	Prostate	In vitro capacitation	Inhibit sperm capacitation events as protein tyrosine phosphorylation	[32]
Feline	Epididymis	In vitro incubation	↑ % of motile spermatozoa for a short period of time (up to 1 h) ↑ Forward motility (1.5 to 3 h of co-incubation)	[33]
Feline	Oviduct (different follicular phases)	IVF	↑ % Motile spermatozoa Protect again premature acrosome reaction Enhanced IVF outcome	[34]
Dog	ASCs	Cryopreservation	↑ Sperm motility and viability ↑ Mucus penetration ability or ↓ Acrosome and chromatin damaged	[35]
Bovine	Oviduct (different sections)	Cryopreservation	↑Protein tyrosine phosphorylation ↑ Responsiveness to progesterone Maintain sperm survival	[36]

List of abbreviations: EECs: endometrial epithelial cells; ASCs: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; SPAM1: sperm adhesion molecule 1; PMCA: plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease.