Table 3.
Effects of co-incubation of extracellular vesicles and embryo on ART outcome.
| Specie | EVs Origen | ART Used | Output | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bovine | BOEC | IVC Vitrification |
No differences on embryo development Enhance vitrification outcome: ↑ Embryo quality ↑ Cryo-survival rate ↑ Number of cells |
[75] |
| Bovine | BOEC | IVP IVC |
Enhanced the embryo quality ↑ Number of cells ↑ Hatching rate = Fertilization rate |
[70] |
| Bovine | Oviduct (ampulla and isthmus) |
IVC Vitrification |
No differences on embryo development ↑ Cryo-survival rate |
[76] |
| Mouse | endMSCs | Embryo culture obtained in vivo | ↑ Number of total cells by blastocyst ↑ Hatching rate |
[82] |
| Mouse (ageing) | endMSCs | IVF IVC |
Enhance embryo competence and quality ×2 blastocyst rate ↑ mRNA expression of Sod1, Gadph, Vegfa and Sox2 |
[83,84] |
| Mouse | Oviduct from pregnant females | IVF ET |
↑ Embryo quality (↑ Bcl-2; Oct-4↓Bax) ↑ ICM ↑ Blastocyst and birth rates |
[81] |
| Mouse (POI) |
HUCMSCs | IVF | Rescue ovary function, hormones levels (FSH and E2), natural fertility. ↑ oocytes retrieved, fertilized zygotes, cleaved embryos and blastocysts |
[85] |
| Porcine | Oviduct | IVF | ↓ Polyspermia | [69] |
| Feline | Ovarian fluid | Vitrification IVM |
= Vitrification survival rate ↑ Oocyte IVM from 8.6% in control to 28.3% in supplemented with EVs |
[64] |
| Canine | Oviduct | IVM | ↑ Oocyte IVM 21.82% vs. control 8.66% | [52] |
| Canine | Oviduct | IVM | ↑ Cumulus cell viability, and proliferation rate ↓ ROS and apoptotic rate |
[54] |
| Canine | Oviduct | IVM | ↑ Maturation rate of oocytes | [55] |
| Rabbit | Oviduct | IVF IVC |
↓ ROS and DNA methylation levels ↑ Blastocyst rate |
[80] |
List of abbreviation: Bax: BCL2-associated X protein; BOEC: bovine oviduct epithelial cells; E2: estradiol; ET: embryo transference; endMSCs: human endometrial-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; Gadph: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HUCMSCs: human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; ICM: inner cell mass; IVC: in vitro culture; IVM: in vitro maturation; Oct-4: transcription factor-1; POI: premature ovarian insufficiency; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Sod1: superoxide dismutase 1; Sox2: SRY-related HMG-box gene 2; Vegfa: vascular endothelial growth factor A. ↑: increase; ↓: decrease.