Table 3.
Multivariate analysis of factors associated with the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 clinical profiles.
| General Characteristics | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.93 |
| Male | 1.07 | 0.75–1.52 | 0.71 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 0.95 | 0.74–1.22 | 0.70 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 0.73 | 0.55–0.96 | 0.03 * |
| Diabetes | 1.03 | 0.82–1.29 | 0.82 |
| Chronic kidney diseases | 0.92 | 0.78–1.09 | 0.36 |
| Malignencied or ID | 0.99 | 0.70–1.39 | 0.94 |
| Respiratory diseases | 1.08 | 0.82–1.42 | 0.59 |
| Pre-hospital parameters | |||
| Respiratory rate (/min) | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.02 * |
| 1st oxygen saturation (%) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.91 |
| Oxygen need (L/min) | 0.99 | 0.96–1.03 | 0.73 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.33 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.35 |
| Glasgow score scale | 1.02 | 0.97–1.07 | 0.41 |
| Temperature (°C) | 1.05 | 0.94–1.17 | 0.42 |
| Shock | 0.79 | 0.49–1.27 | 0.34 |
| Confusion | 0.78 | 0.57–1.07 | 0.14 |
| Timing | |||
| Since 1st symptom (days) | 1.02 | 0.99–1.04 | 0.17 |
| Since ARF (days) | 0.99 | 0.93–1.06 | 0.74 |
| Pre-hospital care | |||
| Intubation in the field | 0.67 | 0.51–0.88 | <0.01 * |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.94 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.27 |
| Lymphocytes (/µL) | 0.85 | 0.68–1.07 | 0.18 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.06 | 1.02–1.11 | 0.01 * |
| Radiology findings | |||
| Typical CT-scan | 1.55 | 1.22–1.96 | <0.01 * |
| Extension >50% | 0.76 | 0.61–0.97 | 0.03 * |
| ICU stay | |||
| SAPS II | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.39 |
| ARDS (PaO2/FiO2 < 200) | 0.87 | 0.62–1.20 | 0.40 |
| Mechanical ventilation (days) | 1.03 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.02 * |
| Ventral decubitus | 1.20 | 0.88–1.63 | 0.27 |
| ECMO | 0.93 | 0.54–1.59 | 0.79 |
| Dialysis | 1.06 | 0.79–1.42 | 0.70 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 1.25 | 0.87–1.79 | 0.24 |
| ICU LOS | 0.95 | 0.93–0.98 | <0.01 * |
| Outcome | |||
| In-hospital LOS | 1.02 | 1.00–1.05 | 0.04 * |
| ICU mortality | 1.07 | 0.72–1.59 | 0.75 |
| In-hospital mortality | 1.07 | 0.72–1.59 | 0.74 |
Type 1 is defined in our study as “silent/happy” hypoxemia without symptoms of ARF. Type 2 corresponds to patients who have both hypoxemia and clinical ARF. * p < 0.05. Abbreviations: ID = immunodeficiency, min = minute, L = liter, ARF = acute respiratory failure (clinical), EMS = emergency medical services (medicalized), CRP = C-reactive protein, CT = computed tomography, ICU = intensive care unit, LOS = length of stay, ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome, ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, SAPS II = Simplified Acute Physiology Score II.