Table 1.

Integrative Review Evidence Table

Source	Sample	Methods	Cultural Stressor	Depressive Symptoms	Findings
Bámaca et al. (2012)	N=271 Mother Daughter Dyads Mean Age: 12 Female: 100% Nationality: Mexico: 100% Nativity: US born: 60%	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: 4 middle and 6 high schools in Southwest US	Family Culture Conflict: Definition: Parent-adolescent conflict was not defined. Measure: 15-item Likert scale asking respondents about general family conflict with a few items specifically related to Mexican American values.	Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depress-ion Scale (CES-D; Radloff et al., 1991)	There was an association between parent-adolescent conflict and adolescent depressive symptoms for both early (r=0.47; p<0.001) and middle adolescents (r=0.29; p<0.001).
Basáñez et al. (2013)	N= 1045 Mean Age: NA Female: 54% Nationality: Mexico: 86% Nativity: US born: 89%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: 7 LA High Schools	Discrimination: Definition: Discrimination is “a negative action towards a social group or its members on account of group membership” (p. 245). Measure: 10-item scale asking respondents to specify how often they feel they are treated poorly because of their ethnic or cultural background (Guyll, Matthews, & Bromberger, 2001)	CES-D	Perceiving discrimination in 9th grade was associated with depressive symptoms in 11th grade (β=0.23, p<0.01).
Basáñez et al. (2014)	N= 2214 Mean Age: 15 Female: 54% Nationality: Mexico: 84% Nativity: US born: 85%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: 7 LA High Schools	Intragroup Rejection: Definition: Intragroup Rejection is “negative behaviors originating from Latino/as against other Latino/as” (p. 2). Measure: Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory (Rodriguez et al., 2002)- 4 items from the Pressure against Acculturation subscale	CES-D	Intragroup Rejection from Latino/as in 10th grade was associated with depressive symptoms in 11th grade (β=0.14; p<0.001).
Behnke et al. (2011)	N= 383 Mean age: 14.6 Female: 53% Nationality: Mexico: 69% Nativity: US born: 84%	Design: Cross-Sectional Survey Setting: 1 LA High School	Discrimination: Definition: Societal Discrimination was defined as “unfair treatment based on race, culture, and/ or ethnicity from various groups in society” (p. 1182). Measure: 10-item scale asking how often teens were affected by discrimination from various individuals (Whitbeck, Hoyt, McMorris, Chen, & Stubben, 2001) Family Culture Conflict: Definition: Culture conflict with parents was defined as “intense arguments with parents over cultural values” (p. 1182). Measure: Parent-Adolescent Conflict Scale (Smetana, 1988)-Items asking adolescents to report how intense the disagreements with their mothers and fathers were regarding cultural traditions.	CES-D	·Discrimination associated with depressive symptoms for girls (r=0.3; p<0.05) and boys (r=0.24; p<0.05). ·Culture conflict with father associated with depressive symptoms in boys (r=0.21; p<0.05) and girls (r=0.25; p<0.05). ·Culture conflict with mother associated with depressive symptoms in boys (r=0.27; p<0.05) and girls (r=0.15; p<0.05).
Cano et al. (2015)	N= 302 Mean age: 14.5 Female: 47% Nationality: Miami: Cuba: 61% LA: Mexico: 70% Nativity: US born: 0%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: From mental health treatment and school settings in LA, Miami, El Paso, and Lawrence	Discrimination: Definition: Perceived Ethnic Discrimination defined as “negative attitudes, beliefs, and differential treatment toward members of minority ethnic groups” (p.32). Measure: 7-item scale assessing being called names, followed around stores, and viewed with suspicion (Phinney, Madden, & Santos, 1998) Context of Reception: Definition: Perceived context of reception is “the perception that the host culture is unwelcoming and hostile” (p. 32). Measure: 6-item scale assessing the perception of the degree to which the opportunity structure of society does not favor one’s ethnic group Bicultural Stress: Definition: Bicultural stress was defined as “perceived pressures emanating from interactions with both the heritage and receiving cultural communities” (p. 32). Measure: Bicultural Stress Scale (BSS; Romero & Roberts, 2003)	CES-D	·Perceived ethnic discrimination (r=0.3; p<0.01), context of reception (r=0.25; p<0.01), and bicultural stress (r=0.45; p<0.01) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms.
Cervantes et al. (2015)	N= 1187 Mean age: 14.9 Female: 45% Nationality: Mexico: 47% Nativity: US born: 84%	Design: Two-group Cross Sectional Survey Setting: LA, Miami, El Paso, and Lawrence	Discrimination: Definition: Discrimination stress was not defined. Measure: The Hispanic Stress Inventory-Adolescent Version (HSI-AV; Cervantes et al., 2012) Discrimination Stress Subscale Family Culture Conflict: Definition: Acculturation gap stress was not defined. Measure: HSI-AV Acculturation Gap Subscale Immigration Stress: Definition: Immigration stress was not defined. Measure: HSI-AV Immigration Stress Subscale	Children’s Depression Inventory-2 (CDI-2; Kovacs & Multi-Health Systems Staff, 2011)	Discrimination stress (β=1; p<0.001), acculturation gap stress (β=0.48; p<0.001), and immigration stress (β=0.34; p<0.001), were associated with depressive symptoms.
Cervantes et al. (2012)	N= 992 Mean Age: 14.8 Female: 56% Nationality: Mexico: 47% Nativity: US born: 85%	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: LA, Miami, El Paso, and Boston	Discrimination: Definition: Discrimination stress was not defined. Measure: HSI-AV Discrimination Stress Subscale Family Culture Conflict: Definition: Acculturation gap stress was not defined. Measure: HSI-AV Acculturation Gap Subscale Immigration Stress: Definition: Immigration stress was not defined. Measure: HSI-AV Immigration Stress Subscale	CDI-2	Discrimination stress (r=0.36; p<0.001), acculturation gap stress (r=0.4; p<0.001), and immigration stress (r=0.15; p<0.001) were associated with depressive symptoms.
Chithambo et al. (2014)	N= 395 Mean age: 15.3 Female: 51% Nationality: Mexico: 48% Nativity: US born: 78%	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: 1 LA High School	Discrimination: Definition: Perceived discrimination defined as “a process by which dominant groups attempt to maintain their status within the social hierarchy” (p. 54). Measure: Everyday Discrimination Scale (Essed, 1991)	CES-D	Perceived discrimination was associated with depression (r=0.44; p<0.05).
Davis et al. (2016)	N= 302 Mean age: 14.5 Female: 47% Nationality: Miami Cuba: 61% LA Mexico: 70% Nativity: US born: 0%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: 13 Schools in LA and 10 schools in Miami	Discrimination: Definition: “Perceived ethnic discrimination can be defined as occurring when an individual believes that s/he has experienced unfair treatment by others based on her/his ethnic background” (p. 458). Measure: 7-item scale referring to being called names, followed around stores, and viewed with suspicion (Phinney et al., 1998).	CES-D	Discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms at all three time points (T1: r=0.3; p<0.001; T2: r=0.29; p<0.001; T3: r=0.23; p<0.001).
Delgado et al. (2011)	N= 246 Mean age: 14.25 Female: 50% Nationality: Mexico: 100% Nativity: US born: 0%	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: 2 middle and 1 high school in Southeast US	Discrimination: Definition: Perceived discrimination was not defined. Measure: 4 items from the Adolescents’ Experiences with Racism Scale to assess discrimination from peers in school	CES-D	Discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms for younger (r=0.41; p<0.001) and older adolescents (r=0.32; p<0.001).
Forster et al. (2013)	N= 1167 Mean age: 14 Female: 54% Nationality: Mexico: 84% Nativity: US born: 89%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: 7 LA High Schools	Acculturative Stress: Definition: Acculturative Stress is “stress that occurs as a result of the acculturation process” (p. 2). Measure: Modified version of the Acculturative Stress Scale (Gil et al., 2000)	CES-D	Acculturative stress in 9th grade was associated with depressive symptoms in 10th grade (β=0.11, p<0.001).
Gonzales-Baken (2017)	N=338 Mean age: 7th grade: 12.3 10th grade: 15.2 Female: 100% Nationality: Mexico: 100% Nativity: 7th-US: 64% 10th-US: 61%	Design: Cross sectional survey Setting: 4 middle and high schools in the Southwest US	Discrimination Definition: Perceived discrimination was not defined. Measure: Perceived Discrimination Scale (Whitbeck et al., 2001)	CES-D	Perceived discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms (r=0.38, p<0.001).
Huq et al. (2016)	N= 172 Mean age: 14 Female: 53% Nationality: Mexico: 78% Nativity: NA	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: 2 middle and 1 high school in Southeast US	Discrimination: Definition: Racial/Ethnic Discrimination was not conceptually defined. Measure: Adult and Peer Discrimination Scale (Way, 1997) Family Culture Conflict: Definition: Parent-adolescent acculturation conflict is defined as “conflict that explicitly relates to differences in cultural values between parents and their children due to differential acculturation” (p. 1). Measure: 4 items from the BSS	Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Angold et al., 1987)	Acculturation conflict (r=0.25, p<0.01) and discrimination (r=0.24, p<0.01) were associated with depressive symptoms.
Huynh (2012)	N= 360 Mean age: 17 Female: 57% Nationality: Mexico: 95% Nativity: NA	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: 2 LA High Schools	Discrimination: Definition: Ethnic microaggressions are ‘brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults to the target person or group” (p. 831). Measure: Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (Huynh, 2012)	CES-D	Frequency of microaggressions was associated with depressive symptoms (r=0.24, p<0.001).
Li, Y. (2014)	N= 2676 Mean age: 14.2 Female: 51% Nationality: Cuba: 41% Mexico: 25% Nativity: US born: 57%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: Miami, San Diego	Family Culture Conflict: Definition: Intergenerational conflict is “a result of adolescents’ new perceptions of autonomy, family rules, and parental authority as they enter puberty” (p. 81). Measure: The Intergenerational Conflict Scale (Portes & Rumbaut, 2001)	CES-D	Intergenerational conflict was associated with depressive symptoms (β=0.44, p<0.001).
Lo et al. (2017)	N= 2185 (38.8% Hispanic) Mean age: 14.1 Female: 57% Nationality: NA Nativity: NA	Design: Longitudinal survey Setting: Miami, San Diego	Discrimination: Definition: Discrimination was not defined. Measure: One item assessing the presence or absence of discrimination, and one item assessing the belief that racial/ethnic discrimination would continue despite level of education obtained	CES-D	Perceived discrimination in education at time 2 was associated with depression at time 2 (b=0.394, p<0.01).
Lopez et al. (2016)	N= 2931 Mean age: 14.2 Female: 50% Nationality: Cuba: 41% Mexico: 25% Nativity: US born: 53%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: Miami, San Diego	Discrimination: Definition: Discrimination was not defined. Measure: Two questions asking “Have you ever felt discriminated against?” (y/n) and “By whom?” (teachers, students, counselors, White Americans in general) Intragroup Rejection: Definition: Intra or Co-ethnic Discrimination is defined as “discrimination from one’s own racial or ethnic minority group” (p. 132). Measure: Two questions asking “Have you ever felt discriminated against?” (y/n) and “By whom?” (Cubans or Latinos in general)	CES-D	Discrimination from teachers (β=0.06, p<0.05), students (β=0.05, p<0.05), Cubans (β=0.19, p<0.001), and Latinas/os (β=0.19, p<0.001) were positively associated with depressive symptoms.
Lorenzo-Blanco et al. (2015)	N= 1919 Mean age= 14 Female= 52% Nationality: Mexico: 84% Nativity: US born: 87%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: 7 LA High Schools	Discrimination: Definition: Everyday Discrimination is “perceived daily experiences of unfair, differential treatment” (p. 1985). Measure: 10-item scale assessing frequency of perceived experiences with everyday discrimination (Guyll et al., 2001) Acculturative Stress: Definition: Acculturative Stress is “stress that results from the acculturation process” (p. 1986). Measure: 3-item scale about frequency with experiences with acculturative stress (Gil et al., 2000)	CES-D	Discrimination at T1 associated with depressive symptoms at T1 (r=0.34, p<0.001) and T3 (r=0.16, p<0.001). Acculturative stress at T1 associated with depressive symptoms at T1 (r=0.25, p<0.001) and 3 (r=0.13, p<0.001).
Lorenzo-Blanco et al. (2011)	N= 1124 Mean age: 14 Female: 54% Nationality: Mexico: 86% Nativity: US born: 86%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: 7 LA High Schools	Discrimination: Definition: Perceived Discrimination is “perceived daily experiences of unfair, differential treatment” (p. 3) Measure: Ten item scale assessing frequency of perceived experiences with ethnic discrimination (Guyll et al., 2001)	CES-D	Perceived discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms (r=0.22, p<0.001).
Lorenzo-Blanco et al. (2016a)	N= 293 Mean age: 14.5 Female: 47% Nationality: Miami Cuba: 61% LA Mexico: 70% Nativity: Not reported	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: Miami, LA	Acculturative Stress Definition: Parental Acculturation Stress was defined as a construct consisting of perceived discrimination, experiencing a negative context of reception, and acculturative stress. Measure: Latent variable was developed from scores on the Perceived Discrimination Scale, Negative Context of Reception Items (Schwartz et al., 2014), and Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory (Rodriguez et al., 2002)	CES-D	Increases in parental acculturative stress overtime were associated with higher adolescent depressive symptoms (β=0.045, p<0.5).
Paat et al. (2016)	N= 775 Mean age: 14 Male: 52% Nationality: Mexico: 100% Nativity: US born: 57%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: San Diego and Miami	Discrimination Definition: Anticipated discrimination is not conceptually defined. Measure: One item asking participants if they believed that they would continue to be discriminated regardless of level of education Family Culture Conflict Definition: Parent-child conflict is defined as discrepancies in the way of handling things between the participants and their parents. Measure: Two items asking how often adolescent and parents preferred American ways of doing things. Variable was derived from subtracting the perceived parental responses from the participants’ response.	CES-D	Anticipated discrimination was associated with depressive tendencies (β=0.104, p<0.01), but parent-child conflict was not.
Park et al. (2017)	N=269 Mean age: 14.1 Female: 57% Nationality: Mexico: 100% Nativity: US Born: 71%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: Midwest	Discrimination Definition: Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination is defined as unfair treatment from others on the basis of one’s race or ethnicity. Measure: Perceptions of Racism in Children and Adolescents Scale (Pachter, Szalacha, Bernstein, & García Coll, 2010)	CDI-2	Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms were associated at all three time points (T1: r=0.33, p<0.001; T2: r=0.39, P<0.001: T3: r=0.39, p<0.001)
Piña-Watson et al. (2015a)	N= 516 Mean age: 16.2 Female: 53% Nationality: Mexico: 100% Nativity: US born: 92%	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: 1 high school in South Texas	Family Culture Conflict: Definition: Family stress was not defined. Measure: BSS Family Stress Subscale Discrimination: Definition: Discrimination stress was not defined. Measure: BSS Discrimination Subscale Intragroup Rejection: Definition: Peer stress was not defined. Measure: BSS Peer Stress Subscale	CES-D	Family stress (r=0.45, p<0.001), discrimination (r=0.36, p<0.001), and peer stress (r=−0.33, p<0.001) were associated with depressive symptoms.
Piña-Watson (2015b)	N= 524 Mean age: 16 Female: 53% Nationality: Mexico: 100% Nativity: US born: 91%	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: 1 high school in South Texas	Bicultural Stress: Definition: “Bicultural stress is that which results from difficulties navigating both the majority cultural and culture of origin.” (p. 671). Measure: BSS Total scale Family Culture Conflict: Definition: Family stress was not defined. Measure: BSS Family Stress Subscale Discrimination: Definition: Discrimination stress was not defined. Measure: BSS Discrimination Subscale Intragroup Rejection: Definition: Peer stress was not defined. Measure: BSS Peer Stress Subscale	CES-D	Family stress (r=0.438, p<0.01), discrimination (r=0.33, p<0.01), and peer stress (r=0.31, p<0.01) were associated with depressive symptoms. Total bicultural stress was associated with depression (β=0.467, p<0.001).
Potochnick et al. (2012)	N= 463 Mean age: 15 Female: 50–56% Nationality: Mexico: 46–74% Nativity: US born: 26–83%	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: High schools in NC and LA	Discrimination: Definition: Perceived discrimination was not defined. Measure: Perceived discrimination was measured based on the likelihood of experiencing four hypothetical situations of mistreatment due to race and a daily diary checklist of experiences of discrimination.	Profile of Mood States (McNair et al., 1971)	Perceived discrimination was associated with daily depressive symptoms (b=0.06, p<0.01).
Potochnick et al. (2010)	N= 255 Mean age: 13.9 Female: 56% Nationality: Mexico: 70% Nativity: US born: 0%	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: 25 NC High Schools and Middle Schools	Discrimination: Definition: Discrimination was not defined. Measure: Four items from the Youth Adaptation and Growth Questionnaire (Portes & Rumbaut, 2001) Immigration Stress: Definition: Migration stress was not defined. Measure: Number of years the adolescent was separated from primary caregiver, presence of a stressful migration event, and adolescent’s involvement and satisfaction with the decision to move to US	CDI-2	Dissatisfaction with migration (AOR 1.67; 95%CI 1.03–2.69), not having documentation upon entering the US (AOR 7.89; 95%CI 1.33–46.79), and experiencing discrimination (AOR 55.09; 95%CI 2.10–1448.0) associated with depression.
Schwartz et al. (2014)	N= 302 Mean age: 14.5 Female: 47% Nationality: Miami: Cuba: 61% LA: Mexico: 70% Nativity: US born: 0%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: Miami and LA	Discrimination: Definition: Discrimination was defined as “micro-aggressions, specific acts of prejudice, exclusion, denigration, or violence and to generally unwelcoming climate directed toward individuals because of their racial or ethnic group” (p. 2). Measure: Seven items asking about the degree to which participants were treated unfairly by members of the receiving community Context of Reception: Definition: Context of reception is “the opportunity structure, degree of openness versus hostility, and acceptance in the local community” (p. 2). Measure: Nine items reflecting the possibility of achieving the American Dream and the feeling of being blocked or thwarted in one’s attempts to integrate oneself into the receiving community and society.	CES-D	Perceived discrimination in Miami (r=0.04, p<0.05) and LA (r=0.3, p<0.01) samples was associated with depressive symptoms. Negative context of reception was also associated with depressive symptoms in Miami (r=0.42, p<0.001) and LA (r=0.25, p<0.001) samples.
Stein et al. (2012)	N= 190 Mean age: 14 Female: 53% Nationality: Mexico: 78% Nativity: US born: 60%	Design: Cross Sectional Survey Setting: 3 NC schools	Discrimination: Definition: Discrimination was not defined. Measure: 19-items assessing for peer discrimination Acculturative Stress: Definition: Acculturative stress is “the stress that results from the interactions between different cultural groups” (p. 1340). Measure: BSS	MFQ	Acculturative stress (r=0.22; p<0.05) and discrimination (r=0.35; p<0.05) were associated with depressive symptoms.
Stein & Polo (2014)	N= 159 Mean age: 13.1 Female: 50% Nationality: Mexico: 100% Nativity: US born: 52%	Design: Cross sectional Survey Setting: 3 LA middle schools	Family Culture Conflict: Definition: Cultural Value Gap is “the differential incorporation of US values between parents and children” (p. 189). Measure: Cultural gap variable created by subtracting youth affiliative obedience from parent affiliative obedience. Measurement of the gap assessed difference in values between adolescent and parent.	CES-D	Affiliative obedience cultural value gap scores were associated with depressive symptoms (β=0.26, p<0.001).
Stein et al. (2016)	N= 71 Mean age: 15 Female: 50% Nationality: Mexico: 60% Nativity: US born: 53%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: Southeast US Community	Discrimination: Definition: Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination was defined as “perceived unfair, biased, or discriminatory treatment by adults and peers in schools” (p. 263). Measure: Adult and Peer Discrimination Scale (Way, 1997)	MFQ	Peer (b=0.11; p<0.01) and adult discrimination (b=0.16; p<0.01) was associated with depressive symptoms for Latino youth.
Wiesner et al. (2015)	N= 40 Mean age: 13.4 Female: 50% Nationality: Mexico: 82% Nativity: US born: 90%	Design: Cross sectional Survey Setting: 1 School in Texas	Family Culture Conflict: Definition: Mother-youth acculturation gap is defined as “differences in acculturation level between parents and their children” (p. 1). Measure: Difference in the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II (Cuellar, Arnold, & Maldonado, 1995) for parents and children on Anglo and heritage culture orientations	CES-D	Higher levels of mother-youth acculturation gap for mothers with Mexican orientation were associated with youth depressive symptoms (r=0.36; p<0.05).
Young et al. (2016)	N= 90 Age: <16: 74% Female: 56% Nationality: Mexico: 32% Nativity: US born: 78%	Design: Cross sectional Survey Setting: Pediatric clinic in southern US	Discrimination: Definition: Perceived discrimination was not conceptually defined. Measure: Perceived Discrimination Scale (Whitbeck et al., 2001)	CES-D	Perceived discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms (r-0.313; p=0.003).
Zeiders et al. (2013)	N= 323 Mean age: 15.3 Female: 50% Nationality: Mexico: 77% Nativity: US born: 72%	Design: Longitudinal Survey Setting: 5 high schools in Illinois	Discrimination: Definition: Perceived ethnic discrimination is “mistreatment based on differences from the majority culture on language and, in the case of individuals born outside the United States, immigration status” (p. 953). Measure: Ten-item scale asking how often teens were affected by discrimination from general public, authority figures, and teachers (Whitbeck et al, 2001)	CES-D	Perceived ethnic discrimination associated with depressive symptoms in the short term for males (r=0.46; p<0.001) and females (r=0.28; p<0.001), but not associated with depressive symptoms over time.
Note. BSS = Bicultural Stress Scale (Romero & Roberts, 2003); CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1991); CDI-2 = Children’s Depression Inventory 2 (Kovacs & Multi-Health Systems Staff, 2011); HSI-AV = Hispanic Stress Inventory – Adolescent Version (Cervantes et al., 2012); LA = Los Angeles; MFQ= Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Angold et al., 1987); NC = North Carolina