Table D1.
Bivariate associations of patient risk factors and opioid dose with opioid outcomes.
| Indicators of potential extra medical opioid use (ORBIT) | Intermediate-high patient concerns about their opioid use (PODS) | Pharmaceutical opioid dependence (ICD-10) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (per 10 years) | 0.683 (0.641–0.728) | 0.692 (0.642–0.746) | 0.577 (0.512–0.650) |
| Sex (female vs male) | 0.619 (0.516–0.742) | 0.709 (0.579–0.869) | 0.647 (0.475–0.882) |
| Employment (employed) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Unemployed | 0.837 (0.525–1.335) | 0.886 (0.615–1.277) | 0.669 (0.268–1.668) |
| Retired | 0.812 (0.516–1.277) | 0.921 (0.652–1.300) | 0.708 (0.282–1.775) |
| SEIFAa (very advantaged) | 1.200 (0.889–1.620) | 1.045 (0.742–1.472) | 1.050 (0.600–1.837) |
| Advantaged | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Neither advantaged nor disadvantaged | 1.181 (0.852–1.637) | 1.042 (0.728–1.491) | 1.078 (0.620–1.875) |
| 1.168 (0.868–1.571) | 1.017 (0.730–1.417) | 1.050 (0.612–1.801) | |
| Disadvantaged | 1.205 (0.890–1.631) | 1.023 (0.733–1.428) | 1.107 (0.663–1.849) |
| Very disadvantaged | |||
| ARIAb (major city) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Regional | 0.861 (0.719–1.030) | 0.885 (0.723–1.082) | 0.869 (0.625–1.208) |
| OME | |||
| Duration of continuous opioid use | 1.010 (0.99–1.022) | 1.005 (0.993–1.018) | 1.004 (0.983–1.025) |
| 0 OME mg/day | 1.189 (0.818–1.727) | 0.669 (0.461–0.970) | 1.179 (0.702–1.980) |
| 1–50 OME mg/day | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| >=50–90 OME mg/day | 1.297 (1.077–1.562) | 1.520 (1.250–1.848) | 1.158 (0.814–1.649) |
| >=90–199 OME mg/day | 1.705 (1.408–2.064) | 1.872 (1.534–2.285) | 1.634 (1.189–2.246) |
| >= 200 OME mg/day | 1.706 (1.356–2.147) | 2.248 (1.716–2.945) | 2.699 (1.847–3.943) |
| Pain factors | |||
| Pain duration (per 10 years) | 0.960 (0.893–1.033) | 0.871 (0.806–0.942) | 0.911 (0.797–1.040) |
| Pain severity | 1.063 (1.020–1.107) | 1.150 (1.102–1.200) | 1.113 (1.030–1.203) |
| Pain interference | 1.107 (1.072–1.144) | 1.237 (1.195–1.280) | 1.213 (1.141–1.290) |
| Pain self-efficacyc score (per 10 points) | 0.980 (0.975–0.986) | 0.967 (0.960–0.973) | 0.973 (0.963–0.983) |
| Pain catastrophising* | 1.021 (1.014–1.027) | 1.047 (1.040–1.055) | 1.042 (1.033–1.052) |
| Mental health and substance use | |||
| Moderate-severe depression (PHQd) | 1.063 (1.051–1.074) | 1.157 (1.141–1.174) | 1.117 (1.097–1.138) |
| Moderate-severe anxiety (GAD)e | 1.075 (1.060–1.090) | 1.176 (1.155–1.197) | 1.127 (1.103–1.152) |
| Childhood maltreatment | 1.733 (1.452–2.068) | 1.743 (1.435–2.118) | 2.008 (1.448–2.785) |
| Substance dependence | 1.929 (1.606–2.317) | 1.792 (1.457–2.204) | 3.250 (2.285–4.621) |
Note: Associations examined using mixed effect models. All models are bivariate.
⁎
only collected in years 3, 4 and 5.
a
SEIFA - Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas.
b
Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia Plus.
C
PSEQ - Pain self-efficacy score.
d
PHQ - Patient Health Questionnaire.
e
GAD - Generalised Anxiety Disorder. Opioid dependence was assessed as lifetime for baseline and past 12 months for other waves. Opioid dependence not collected at 1-year.