Table I1.
Mixed effects models examining factors associated with opioid outcomes - sensitivity analysis using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW).
| Indicators of potential extra medical opioid use (ORBIT) | Intermediate-high patient concerns about their opioid use (PODS) | Pharmaceutical opioid dependence (ICD-10) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (per 10 years) | 0.654 (0.585–0.732) | 0.795 (0.706–0.895) | 0.545 (0.423–0.702) |
| Sex (female vs male) | 0.527 (0.397–0.701) | 0.644 (0.475–0.874) | 0.573 (0.314–1.045) |
| OME | |||
| Duration of continuous opioid use | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) |
| 0 OME mg/day | 1.187 (0.848–1.661) | 0.658 (0.455–0.954) | 1.284 (0.795–2.073) |
| 1–50 OME mg/day (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| >=50–90 OME mg/day | 1.108 (0.950–1.292) | 1.360 (1.088–1.699) | 0.865 (0.613–1.220) |
| >=90–199 OME mg/day | 1.348 (1.139–1.594) | 1.499 (1.164–1.930) | 0.990 (0.733–1.336) |
| >= 200 OME mg/day | 1.152 (0.923–1.437) | 1.827 (1.261–2.647) | 1.617 (1.057–2.475) |
| Pain factors | |||
| Pain duration (per 10 years) | – | 0.864 (0.759–0.984) | – |
| Pain severity | 1.035 (0.988–1.083) | 0.999 (0.946–1.055) | 1.017 (0.909–1.138) |
| Pain interference | 1.008 (0.970–1.047) | 1.045 (0.992–1.101) | 1.074 (0.973–1.185) |
| PSEQ score (per 10 points)a | 0.995 (0.988–1.002) | 0.993 (0.984–1.003) | 0.996 (0.977–1.014) |
| Pain catastrophising* | 1.002 (0.993–1.010) | 1.015 (1.003–1.026) | 1.016 (1.003–1.028) |
| Mental health and substance use | |||
| Depression (PHQ)b | 1.007 (0.990–1.023) | 1.089 (1.062–1.118) | 1.065 (1.036–1.094) |
| Anxiety (GAD)c | 1.029 (1.007–1.052) | 1.060 (1.033–1.088) | 1.013 (0.983–1.043) |
| Childhood abuse/neglect | 1.705 (1.275–2.279) | 1.364 (1.022–1.819) | 1.822 (0.963–3.447) |
| Substance dependence | 1.215 (0.915–1.614) | 1.160 (0.868–1.549) | 1.562 (0.967–2.522) |
OR = Odds Ratios. CI = 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. The 1–49 OME per day was identified as the referent group to investigate whether higher OME was associated with more problematic behaviours as defined in Methods. Opioid dependence was assessed as presented for lifetime for baseline and past 12 months for other waves. Opioid dependence not collected at 1-year.