FIGURE 10.

Astrocytic cytokine expression was significantly reduced by SN50, inhibitor of NF-κB nuclear translocation. (A) Histogram shows relative GM-CSF levels determined by ELISA method after 1 h of pre-treatment by SN50 and 8 h of IL-1β stimulation. The GM-CSF secretion of the astrocyte cultures is significantly down regulated by 5 μM SN50 if compared with the IL-1β-treated cultures. (B) Histogram shows relative IL-6 and CCL5 levels in the supernatant of the astrocyte cultures measured by ELISA method after 1 h of SN50 pre-treatment and 16 h of IL-1β stimulation. Both cytokine levels show significant reduction due to 10 μM SN50 treatment if compared with the IL-1β-treated cultures. Data are shown as mean ± SEM of two independent experiments in duplicate. One-way ANOVA, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls pairwise comparison, ^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01.