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. 2020 Nov 25;15:9431–9445. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S266006

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© 2020 Li et al.

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Schematic diagram of the main strategies for the fabrication of carboxyl-functionalized UCNPs nanoprobes. (A) Working mechanism of the proposed sensor for Exo I activity detection; (B) In vivo NIR luminescence images of a nude mouse after intravenous injection of NaLuF₄:Gd/Yb/Tm.

Note: Copyright ©2015. Elsevier B.V. Reproduced from Han G, Li H, Huang X, et al. Simple synthesis of carboxyl-functionalized upconversion nanoparticles for biosensing and bioimaging applications. Talanta. 2016;147: 207–212.⁵⁹