Table 4.

Organelle Targeting Nanomedicines Mentioned in This Article

Target Organelle	Targeting Strategies	Typical Nanomedicines	Ref.
Lysosome	Enter cell through endosome-lysosome pathway, which destine to lysosomes and employ lysosomal pH for release of a cytotoxic drug within cancer cells. Encapsulating lysosomotropic agent to induce LMP.	Doxil Intracellular delivery of ceramides via transferrin-functionalized liposomes	25 138
Cytoplasm	Endosomal escape employing proton sponge effect. Surface modification with CPP, such as TAT and iRGD.	Hexadentate-PLGA polymer based NMs. Co-administration with NMs (nab-paclitaxel and Doxil) via systemic injection.	139 141
Endoplasmic reticulum	Surface modification of ER signal peptide or ER-retrieval sequence.	PLGA NMs decorated with specific ER-targeting moieties (KKXX signal).	144
Mitochondria	Surface modification with lipophilic cations like Triphenylphosphonium (TPP) or arginine-rich peptide octaarginine (R8) Inorganic NMs	TOS-TPP-Obt-NPs, a phosphatidylcholine (PC)-based TPP-coated positively charged NM, leading to mitochondrial mediated cellular apoptosis in HeLa cells. Cuprous oxide NMs (Cu2O NPs), which can damage mitochondria membranes and induce apoptosis in tumor cells.	148 150
Nucleus	Conjugation of nuclear localization signal (NLS) to the NMs Combined modification of NLS with CPP	PLGA based NMs, cargo-loaded mesoporous silica NMs (MSNs) decorated with NLS	151,152 142