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The molecular mechanisms of high UA activating NLRP3-inflammasomes and promoting macrophage M1/M2 polarization. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinases; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; NLRP3, nod-like receptor protein 3; TLR, Toll-like receptors; UA, uric acid.
