TABLE 3.
Descriptive statistics results for Neuropsychological assessment.
| Face to Face VRRS followed by home-based VRRS (n = 18) |
Face to Face VRRS followed by Home-based unstructured cognitive stimulation (n = 14) |
Face to Face cognitive treatment as usual (n = 17) |
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| Baseline | Post-treatment | 4 Months Follow-up | 7 Months Follow-up | Baseline | Post-treatment | 4 Months Follow-up | 7 Months Follow-up | Baseline | Post-treatment | 4 Months Follow-up | 7 Months Follow-up | Cut-off | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Clinical and Functional Assessment | |||||||||||||
| Everyday memory Questionnaire (EMQ) | 67.8 (22.9) | 62.3 (24.4) | 64.5 (27.9) | 61.0 (24.1) | 76.6 (30.9) | 76.0 (30.6) | 76.2 (30.0) | 72.4 (26.8) | 66.2 (27.1) | 61.9 (26.3) | 62.0 (26.5) | 71.1 (25.2) | |
| Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease (QOL-AD) | |||||||||||||
| QOL-AD – Composite score | 34.4 (4.0) | 34.3 (4.2) | 34.9 (4.0) | 32.6 (8.2) | 33.0 (5.9) | 33.4 (5.7) | 32.1 (6.9) | 32.3 (7.3) | 34.9 (4.4) | 35.1 (3.4) | 34.7 (4.2) | 32.7 (4.9) | >33 |
| Memory | |||||||||||||
| Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), immediate recall | 29.2 (6.8) | 29.4 (7.4) | 29.9 (8.6) | 26.1 (7.6) | 31.0 (7.0) | 32.1 (6.7) | 30.2 (8.1) | 33.4 (8.4) | 30.2 (7.7) | 30.1 (6.5) | 30.9 (6.6) | 31.5 (7.8) | >28.52 |
| Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), delayed recall | 4.0 (3.1) | 4.3 (3.3) | 3.9 (3.9) | 3.6 (3.3) | 4.6 (2.3) | 4.3 (3.4) | 5.1 (3.6) | 6.0 (4.2) | 4.5 (3.2) | 4.2 (3.0) | 4.2 (2.6) | 4.8 (3.9) | >4.68 |
| Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) | |||||||||||||
| FCSRT – Immediate free recall (IFR) | 18.4 (7.7) | 20.6 (9.4) | 18.2 (8.5) | 17.8 (8.0) | 20.4 (6.1) | 24.4 (6.5) | 22.1 (6.3) | 21.4 (6.2) | 19.7 (7.9) | 19.9 (9.0) | 21.4 (8.4) | 21.7 (10.2) | >19.59 |
| FCSRT – Immediate Total Recall (ITR) | 32.0 (4.3) | 32.1 (5.5) | 31.2 (6.5) | 32.0 (4.4) | 33.4 (4.9) | 33.6 (3.8) | 33.9 (3.2) | 34.2 (3.1) | 33.4 (3.2) | 32.5 (4.9) | 33.1 (3.9) | 33.5 (3.6) | ≥35 |
| FCSRT – Delayed Free Recall (DFR) | 5.8 (3.2) | 6.6 (3.5) | 5.7 (3.6) | 6.6 (4.1) | 6.7 (2.8) | 8.3 (2.6) | 8.6 (3.2) | 8.1 (3.2) | 6.4 (4.3) | 7.0 (3.8) | 6.6 (4.0) | 7.2 (4.1) | >6.31 |
| FCSRT – Delayed total recall (DTR) | 10.4 (2.1) | 10.3 (2.5) | 10.4 (1.8) | 10.4 (2.0) | 10.9 (1.9) | 11.1 (1.6) | 11.3 (1.5) | 11.4 (1.2) | 10.8 (2.1) | 10.9 (1.9) | 10.8 (1.5) | 11.2 (1.2) | ≥11 |
| FCSRT – Index of sensitivity of cueing (ISC) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.1) | ≥0.9 |
| Language | |||||||||||||
| Verbal fluency, phonemic (FPL) | 29.7 (7.1) | 31.5 (9.1) | 29.2 (6.6) | 30.1 (7.6) | 29.8 (6.7) | 33.4 (8.4) | 30.6 (8.7) | 29.8 (9.5) | 28.9 (8.4) | 31.7 (8.8) | 31.2 (11.5) | 30.4 (7.9) | >16 |
| Verbal fluency, semantic (FPC) | 27.8 (5.8) | 30.8 (6.8) | 30.1 (5.5) | 29.1 (6.4) | 29.6 (5.9) | 29.2 (6.8) | 28.5 (3.9) | 27.8 (4.6) | 30.9 (6.3) | 29.4 (6.0) | 29.1 (7.8) | 29.2 (6.1) | >24 |
| Battery for Analysis of Aphasic Deficits (B.A.D.A.) | |||||||||||||
| B.A.D.A. – Objects naming | 26.8 (2.4) | 27.1 (2.2) | 26.7 (2.4) | 26.9 (2.5) | 26.4 (1.7) | 27.0 (2.5) | 26.4 (2.6) | 27.2 (1.7) | 26.9 (2.3) | 27.1 (1.8) | 27.2 (1.8) | 27.8 (2.2) | |
| B.A.D.A. – Actions naming | 24.5 (3.0) | 25.2 (2.4) | 24.9 (2.5) | 24.9 (2.8) | 24.1 (2.4) | 24.6 (3.0) | 24.4 (3.0) | 25.0 (2.8) | 24.4 (2.9) | 25.6 (2.4) | 25.1 (2.3) | 25.5 (2.6) | |
| Attentional functions | |||||||||||||
| Trail Making Test (TMT) | |||||||||||||
| TMT, part A (msec) | 58.4 (29.0) | 52.0 (25.3) | 58.1 (24.7) | 55.3 (24.1) | 59.5 (21.2) | 53.9 (17.7) | 65.9 (26.1) | 64.5 (27.2) | 46.8 (16.0) | 47.1 (16.2) | 52.4 (21.4) | 60.0 (37.9) | <94 |
| TMT, part B (msec) | 251.3 (146.3) | 216.6 (140.0) | 219.1 (139.4) | 245.3 (126.4) | 237.6 (160.0) | 238.3 (119.7) | 241.4 (142.2) | 276.7 (118.5) | 206.9 (123.8) | 231.2 (184.7) | 219.8 (164.3) | 268.2 (201.5) | <283 |
| Visuo-constructional functions | |||||||||||||
| Clock Drawing Test (CDT) | 2.0 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.8) | 2.9 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.6 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.7) | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.8 (0.7) | ≤2 |
Raw scores mean are reported. Standard deviation between brackets. Cut-off scores according to Italian normative data are reported. msec: milliseconds; VRRS: virtual reality rehabilitation system.