Table 2.

Summary of the mechanism of kidney injury in coronavirus disease 2019

Mechanism of kidney injury	Hypovolaemia	ARDS related AKI	Cytokine storm syndrome associated AKI	Direct viral invasion
Pre-renal	Fever causing insensible losses; Gastrointestinal volume losses	Haemodynamic instability; High positive end expiratory pressure /intrathoracic pressure; Right heart failure	Haemodynamic instability
Renal1		Inflammation; Hypoxia/hypercapnia; Acid-base dysregulation; Tubular injury	Inflammation; Possible glomerulopathy and TMA ( hypercoagulability)	Inflammation; Possible Tubulopathy; Podocytopathy; Interstitial inflammation
Post renal

¹The most common intrinsic renal lesion observed is acute tubular necrosis. AKI: Acute kidney injury; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; TMA: Thrombotic microangiopathy.