Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, biochemical, and pharmacological characteristics of the study population (n = 101) and univariate analyses by outcome status, that is presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
|
Variable
|
Total cohort (n = 101)
|
NAFLD (n = 40)
|
No NAFLD (n = 61)
|
| Age (yr) | 36.3 (4.8) | 36.1 (5.6) | 36.4 (4.3) |
| PCOS duration (yr) | 7.0 (4.1) | 7.4 (4.4) | 6.8 (3.9) |
| Regular physical exercise (%) | 20 (19.8) | 8 (20.0) | 12 (19.7) |
| ASCVD risk (lifetime) | 0.28 (0.12) | 0.31 (0.11)a | 0.26 (0.13)a |
| Metabolic factors | |||
| Diabetes (%) | 18 (17.8) | 12 (30.0)a | 6 (9.8)a |
| Hypertension (%) | 6 (5.9) | 1 (2.5) | 5 (8.2) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 101.1 (12.3) | 107.8 (11.1)b | 96.7 (11.1)b |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 27.6 (5.0) | 30.6 (4.5)b | 25.7 (4.4)b |
| Medications | |||
| Metformin (%) | 32 (31.7) | 20 (50.0)a | 12 (19.7)a |
| Steroids contraceptive (%) | 5 (4.9) | 2 (5.0) | 3 (4.9) |
| Statin (%) | 5 (4.9) | 5 (12.5) | 0 |
| Biochemical parameters | |||
| Platelet count (109/L) | 271.9 (59.5) | 271.9 (54.7) | 271.9 (62.9) |
| AST (IU/L) | 18.6 (11.8) | 23.5 (17.2)b | 15.3 (3.9)b |
| ALT (IU/L) | 21.7 (18.7) | 30.9 (25.7)b | 15.7 (8.0)b |
| GGT (IU/L) | 21.4 (19.1) | 24.8 (16.8) | 19.3 (20.4) |
| Total bilirubin (µmol/L) | 9 (2.9) | 9.8 (3.6)a | 8.5 (2.2)a |
| Albumin (mg/L) | 43.0 (2.9) | 42.9 (3.0) | 43.0 (2.8) |
| HOMA-IR | 3.2 (2.9) | 4.5 (3.3)b | 2.4 (2.2)b |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.4 (1.8) | 6.9 (2.1)b | 5.6 (0.6)b |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.5 (1.0) | 4.5 (1.0) | 4.5 (0.9) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3)a | 1.2 (0.3)a |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.7 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.7) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.4 (1.3) |
| Creatinine (mmol/L) | 56.8 (10.1) | 55.2 (8.9) | 57.9 (10.8) |
| TSH | 2.6 (2.7) | 2.6 (2.5) | 2.5 (2.8) |
| Total testosterone (nmol/L) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.6) |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 32.2 (20.6) | 22.4 (9.7)b | 39.1 (23.3)b |
| FAI | 3.6 (3.7) | 5.4 (4.6)b | 2.4 (2.1)b |
| CRP (mg/L) | 5.3 (4.9) | 6.9 (6.2)a | 4.3 (3.5)a |
| Non-invasive tests for NAFLD and liver fibrosis | |||
| CAP (dB/m) | 266.9 (63.0) | 326.9 (30.5) | 227.5 (45.1) |
| LSM (kPa) | 4.9 (1.9) | 5.7 (2.2)b | 4.4 (1.4)b |
| APRI | 0.18 (0.15) | 0.23 (0.21)a | 0.15 (0.07)a |
| FIB-4 | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.60 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.2) |
| NAFLD Fibrosis Score | -2.9 (1.2) | -2.5 (1.3)a | -3.1 (1.1)a |
| HSI | 38.3 (5.7) | 40.8 (6.7)b | 36.6 (4.2)b |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean (standard deviation) and categorical variables as numbers (%).
P < 0.05.
P < 0.001.
The P values refer to t test or χ2 test between patients with the outcome (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or significant liver fibrosis) and those without the outcome. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; APRI: Aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index; ASCVD: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; dB/m: Decibels per meter; CAP: Controlled association parameter; CRP: C-reactive protein; FAI: Free androgen index; FIB-4: Fibrosis-4 score; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model for assessment of insulin resistance; HSI: Hepatic steatosis index; IU: International unit; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone.