Figure 1.

Corine Land Cover (CLC2018; (a) and natural difference vegetation index (NDVI; (b) maps for the Helsinki region, the study sites and sampling locations within the region (c1‐c9), and the location of Helsinki in Finland (c10). The land cover classes are visualized in (a) according to the 1st level CLC2018, with the exception of urban green area (level 3, class 141). The false‐colour aerial photographs visible in panel c were also used to quantify the NDVI. We derived CLC2018 from the Finnish Environment Institute and aerial photographs, taken in 2020, from National Land Survey Finland. Note that the yellow circles in study site maps (c1‐c9) do not represent specific dragging spots, but rather the general areas where dragging was conducted. Sampling locations are c1 Hakuninmaa; c2 Lapinniemi; c3 Kumpula; c4 Laakso; c5 Lauttasaari; c6 Lehtisaari; c7 Meilahti; c8 Seurasaari; and c9 Töölönlahti