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. 2020 Oct 19;23(12):1878–1903. doi: 10.1111/ele.13610

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Graphical models associated with different extensions of the basic HMM formulation: (a) state sequence with memory order 2; (b) influence of covariate vectors z1,,zT on state dynamics; (c) observations depending on both states and previous observations; (d) bivariate observation sequence, conditionally independent given the states.