Table 3.
Results of 2‐Level General Linear Models to Examine for Pre‐ to Post‐test Differences for Participants (N = 133)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time (pre = 0) | Grade 8 | Time Main Effect (Pre = 0) | Race Main Effect (White = 0) | Race*Time Interaction | Grade 8 Scores | |||||||||||||
| Outcomes | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | β | SE | p |
| Student‐teacher relationships | ||||||||||||||||||
| Positive relationships | −0.06 | .07 | .37 | — | — | — | −0.02 | .08 | .82 | −0.23 | .16 | .17 | 0.08 | .14 | .56 | — | — | — |
| Motivation | ||||||||||||||||||
| Amotivation1 | −0.09 | .11 | .40 | — | — | — | 0.08 | .09 | .34 | 0.45 | .25 | .07 | −0.47 | .25 | .05 | — | — | — |
| External reg. | −0.02 | .15 | .91 | — | — | — | −0.20 | .19 | .30 | 0.16 | .28 | .58 | 0.52 | .29 | .08 | — | — | — |
| Introjected reg. | 0.20 | .17 | .23 | — | — | — | 0.22 | .20 | .26 | 0.42 | .31 | .16 | −0.02 | .33 | .96 | — | — | — |
| Identified reg. | 0.01 | .13 | .96 | — | — | — | −0.15 | .17 | .38 | 0.30 | .23 | .21 | 0.39 | .24 | .10 | — | — | — |
| Intrinsic mot. | −0.03 | .14 | .81 | — | — | — | −0.17 | .16 | .27 | −0.01 | .28 | .99 | 0.40 | .28 | .16 | — | — | — |
| School membership | ||||||||||||||||||
| Belongingness | 0.27 | .04 | <.001 | — | — | — | 0.23 | .04 | <.001 | −0.11 | .10 | .27 | 0.13 | .06 | .02 | — | — | — |
| Student behavior | ||||||||||||||||||
| Prosocial beh. | 0.07 | .04 | .07 | — | — | — | 0.01 | .04 | .78 | −0.20 | .08 | .01 | 0.06 | .07 | .41 | — | — | — |
| Problem beh.1 | −0.07 | .02 | <.001 | — | — | — | −0.05 | .02 | .01 | 0.04 | .05 | .38 | −0.06 | .04 | .09 | — | — | — |
| Academic indicators | ||||||||||||||||||
| Excused absences | 1.02 | .22 | <.001 | .35 | .04 | <.001 | 0.99 | .32 | .002 | −0.73 | .28 | .01 | 0.12 | .39 | .77 | .30 | .05 | <.001 |
| Unexcused absences | 2.43 | .28 | <.001 | .45 | .10 | <.001 | 2.75 | .39 | <.001 | −0.19 | .29 | .51 | −0.37 | .49 | .45 | .42 | .12 | <.001 |
| GPA | −0.03 | .02 | .22 | .80 | .07 | <.001 | −0.06 | .03 | .07 | 0.03 | .05 | .57 | 0.09 | .04 | .04 | .78 | .08 | <.001 |
| Earned credits | 0.05 | .05 | .32 | .15 | .71 | .83 | 0.04 | .05 | .48 | 0.13 | .06 | .03 | 0.04 | .11 | .71 | .07 | .10 | .51 |
Note. 1indicates negatively valanced program outcomes, where decreases from pre‐ to post‐ test are expected.
Reg = regulation, Mot = motivation, Beh = behavior.
Bolded font represent significant or marginal (p < .10) pre‐post differences.