TABLE 1.
Means and standard deviations (SD) for ADHD scales and total frequency a of various diets, by age, sex and SES group
| Age | Sex | SES | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20–29 (n = 5,969) | 30–39 (n = 6,781) | 40–47 (n = 5,249) | Male (n = 7,216) | Female (n = 10,783) | Low (n = 3,146) | High (n = 10,269) | |
| IA | 2.16 ± 2.15 | 1.90 ± 2.05 | 1.84 ± 2.04 | 2.02 ± 2.08 | 1.92 ± 2.09 | 2.22 ± 2.19 | 1.80 ± 1.99 |
| HI | 2.15 ± 2.11 | 1.98 ± 2.07 | 1.80 ± 2.02 | 1.98 ± 2.09 | 1.99 ± 2.06 | 2.10 ± 2.14 | 1.89 ± 2.02 |
| Food groups | (n = 2,939–3,116) | (n = 3,299–3,370) | (n = 2,626–2,680) | (n = 3,297–3,352) | (n = 5,567–5,813) | (n = 1,697–1745) | (n = 4,969–5,112) |
| Fruits | 1.39 ± 1.26 | 1.54 ± 1.32 | 1.61 ± 1.41 | 1.16 ± 1.08 | 1.71 ± 1.42 | 1.38 ± 1.32 | 1.59 ± 1.34 |
| Vegetables | 2.66 ± 1.98 | 3.08 ± 2.20 | 3.33 ± 2.24 | 2.57 ± 1.87 | 3.26 ± 2.27 | 2.74 ± 2.07 | 3.20 ± 2.16 |
| Dairy | 7.18 ± 4.41 | 7.03 ± 4.11 | 6.82 ± 4.19 | 7.66 ± 4.56 | 6.65 ± 3.99 | 7.42 ± 4.63 | 6.84 ± 4.01 |
| Meat | 1.37 ± 0.90 | 1.45 ± 0.83 | 1.44 ± 0.91 | 1.55 ± 1.00 | 1.35 ± 0.79 | 1.43 ± 0.84 | 1.43 ± 0.83 |
| Seafood | 0.47 ± 0.42 | 0.54 ± 0.46 | 0.59 ± 0.48 | 0.56 ± 0.48 | 0.52 ± 0.44 | 0.52 ± 0.46 | 0.54 ± 0.43 |
| Rich in macro nutrients | (n = 3,107–3,117) | (n = 3,364–3,371) | (n = 2,672–2,685) | (n = 3,345–3,357) | (n = 5,798–5,815) | (n = 1739–1747) | (n = 5,102–5,114) |
| High in fat | 2.70 ± 1.93 | 2.84 ± 1.83 | 3.01 ± 1.85 | 3.20 ± 1.98 | 2.63 ± 1.79 | 2.99 ± 2.01 | 2.82 ± 1.80 |
| High in carbohydrates | 10.87 ± 4.56 | 11.45 ± 4.60 | 11.94 ± 4.50 | 11.46 ± 4.67 | 11.36 ± 4.52 | 11.32 ± 4.85 | 11.51 ± 4.41 |
| High in sugar | 2.98 ± 2.28 | 2.72 ± 2.14 | 2.52 ± 2.08 | 3.22 ± 2.43 | 2.48 ± 1.97 | 3.05 ± 2.41 | 2.54 ± 1.99 |
| High in protein | 9.42 ± 4.94 | 9.35 ± 4.55 | 9.13 ± 4.58 | 10.20 ± 5.12 | 8.80 ± 4.35 | 9.73 ± 5.15 | 9.12 ± 4.41 |
| Dietary patterns | (n = 3,108–3,110) | (n = 3,367–3,368) | (n = 2,674–2,679) | (n = 3,348–3,353) | (n = 2,801–5,804) | (n = 1740–1744) | (n = 5,103–5,106) |
| Unhealthy dietary pattern | 3.92 ± 2.52 | 3.83 ± 2.27 | 3.66 ± 2.24* | 4.37 ± 2.63 | 3.49 ± 2.11* | 4.07 ± 2.56 | 3.66 ± 2.16* |
| Healthy dietary pattern | 5.58 ± 3.36 | 6.33 ± 3.70 | 6.76 ± 3.70* | 5.40 ± 3.14 | 6.67 ± 3.80* | 5.72 ± 3.44 | 6.55 ± 3.64* |
Abbreviations: HI, hyperactivity/impulsivity; IA, inattention.
a
Times or servings/day.