Table 2.
Pipeline of major COVID-19 vaccines in clinical trials
| Vaccine name | Vaccine type | Clinical phase | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| INO-4800 | DNA | I/II | Synthetic DNA vaccine targeting SARS-CoV S protein [55] |
| RBD-dimer | Recombinant subunit | II | Beta-CoV vaccine against beta coronaviruses [56] |
| CTII-nCoV | Adenovirus-vector | II | Adenovirus vector encodes for full-length S protein [58] |
| BNT162 | mRNA | III |
Four vaccine candidates include: BNT62a1 and BNT62b1: contain nucleoside modified RNA, BNT162b2: uridine containing mRNA, and BNT162c2: using self-amplifying mRNA. Each is composed of S protein and combined with a lipid nanoparticle formulation [57] |
| mRNA-1273 | mRNA | III | Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine encoding full length S protein [59] |
| Ad26COVS1 | Adenovirus-vector | III | Replication deficient adenovirus type 5 vector expressing S protein [60] |
| AZD1222 | Adenovirus-vector | III | Chimpanzee adenovirus vector expressing S glycoprotein [61] |
| CoronaVac | Inactivated virus | III | Adsorbed COVID-19 (inactivated) vaccine [62] |
| BBIBP-CorV | Inactivated virus | III | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 HB02 strain [63] |