Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of patients in the survival and non-survival groups at admission
| Clinical features | Total (n = 262) | Survival (n = 134) | Non-survival (n = 128) | P-value | Adjusted RR (95%CI)† | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 67 (59, 73.25) | 62.5 (51.75, 68.25) | 70.5 (65, 78) | < 0.001* | 0.905 (0.868, 0.944) | < 0.001* |
| Gender | 0.202 | |||||
| Female% | 119 (45.4%) | 66 (49.3%) | 53 (41.4%) | |||
| Male% | 143 (54.6%) | 68 (50.7%) | 75 (58.6%) | |||
| Smoking | 14 (5.3%) | 3 (2.2%) | 11 (8.6%) | 0.022* | ||
| Alcohol drinking | 7 (2.7%) | 2 (1.5%) | 5 (3.9%) | 0.226 | ||
| Illness to length of stay, days | 10 (5, 14) | 10 (5, 14) | 10 (7, 13) | 0.962 | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 121 (46.2%) | 50 (37.3%) | 71 (55.5%) | 0.003* | ||
| Diabetes | 56 (21.4%) | 24 (17.9%) | 32 (25%) | 0.162 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 45 (17.2%) | 12 (9%) | 33 (25.8%) | < 0.001* | 0.045 (0.010, 0.205) | < 0.001* |
| COPD | 7 (2.7%) | 1 (0.7%) | 6 (4.7%) | 0.061 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 10 (3.8%) | 4 (3%) | 6 (4.7%) | 0.533 | ||
| Tumor | 11 (4.2%) | 3 (2.2%) | 8 (6.2%) | 0.106 | ||
| Nervous system disease | 15 (6.5%) | 5 (3.7%) | 12 (9.4%) | 0.064 | ||
| Other | 42 (16%) | 25 (18.7%) | 17 (13.3%) | 0.236 | ||
| Temperature at admission, oC | 38.5 (38, 39) | 38.5 (38, 39) | 38.6 (38, 39) | 0.430 | ||
| Duration of fever, day | 10 (5, 14) | 10 (5, 14) | 10 (6.5, 12) | 0.867 | ||
| Respiratory rate at admission, rate/min | 20 (20, 25) | 20 (20, 23) | 22 (20, 30) | < 0.001* | ||
| SpO2 at admission,% | 90 (80, 96) | 96 (92, 98) | 83 (70, 91) | < 0.001* | ||
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Fever | 208 (79.4%) | 108 (80.6%) | 100 (78.1%) | 0.621 | ||
| Cough | 190 (72.5%) | 98 (73.1%) | 92 (71.9%) | 0.819 | ||
| Expectoration | 79 (30.2%) | 47 (35.1%) | 32 (25%) | 0.076 | ||
| Pharyngalgia | 10 (3.8%) | 7 (5.2%) | 3 (2.3%) | 0.336 | ||
| Vomit | 10 (3.8%) | 4 (3%) | 6 (4.7%) | 0.533 | ||
| Poor appetite | 115 (43.9%) | 65 (48.5%) | 50 (39.1%) | 0.124 | ||
| Muscular soreness | 24 (9.1%) | 12 (8.8%) | 12 (9.4%) | 0.876 | ||
| Diarrhea | 17 (6.5%) | 11 (8.2%) | 6 (4.7%) | 0.247 | ||
| Headache | 7 (2.7%) | 5 (3.7%) | 2 (1.6%) | 0.448 | ||
| Shortness of breath | 143 (54.6%) | 60 (44.8%) | 79 (61.7%) | 0.001* | ||
| Weakness | 155 (57%) | 82 (61.2%) | 73 (57%) | 0.493 | ||
| Severity of disease at admission | 0.191 | |||||
| Non-severe | 111 (42.4%) | 62 (46.3%) | 49 (38.3%) | |||
| Severe | 151 (57.6%) | 72 (53.7%) | 79 (61.7%) | |||
| Positive nucleic acid before admission | 73 (29%) | 36 (26.9%) | 37 (31.4%) | 0.433 | ||
| Positive nucleic acid at admission | 99 (37.8%) | 49 (49.5%) | 50 (39.1%) | 0.677 | ||
| Laboratory parameter | ||||||
| White blood cell, ×109/L | 6.5 (4.5, 10.2) | 5.6 (3.9, 7.42) | 8.85 (5.67, 12.9) | < 0.001* | ||
| Lymphocyte, ×109/L | 0.7 (0.41, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.15) | 0.66 (0.3, 0.8) | < 0.001* | ||
| LYM percentage, % | 10 (5.4, 20.525) | 16.5 (8.8, 26.2) | 6.4 (3.45, 10.25) | < 0.001* | 1.125 (1.041, 1.216) | 0.0029* |
| Blood platelet, ×109/L | 188 (137, 246) | 216.5 (157.5, 265.7) | 169 (111, 229) | 0.001* | 1.008 (1.003, 1.012) | 0.001* |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 126 (117, 137) | 126 (117.75, 137.25) | 124 (115.5, 137) | 0.436 | ||
| CRP, mg/L | 36.45 (17.54, 101.5) | 31.98 (7.52, 37.93) | 61.76 (35.52, 148.31) | < 0.001* | 0.982 (0.973, 0.991) | < 0.001* |
| PCT, ng/ml | 0.083 (0.05, 0.20) | 0.068 (0.039, 0.09) | 0.237 (0.09, 0.60) | < 0.001* | ||
| APTT, s | 34.5 (30.4, 40.6) | 34.3 (31.32, 41.1) | 34.85 (29.97, 39.7) | 0.603 | ||
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 3.825 (2.85, 4.67) | 3.75 (2.89, 4.73) | 3.97 (2.81, 4.67) | 0.841 | ||
| TT, s | 15.3 (14.6, 16.29) | 15.3 (14.5, 15.9) | 15.3 (14.6, 16.6) | 0.287 | ||
| PT, s | 13.9 (12.85, 15.45) | 13.9 (13.0, 15.05) | 13.95 (11.95, 15.97) | 0.932 | ||
| INR | 1.14 (1.05, 1.3) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) | 1.2 (1.08, 1.61) | 0.002* | ||
| D-dimer, μg/mL | 0.75 (0.205, 4.61) | 0.31 (0.12, 1.3) | 1.22 (0.51, 7.39) | < 0.001* | 0.734 (0.617, 0.879) | < 0.001* |
| CK, U/L | 99.5 (59, 201.75) | 87 (43, 173) | 108.3 (72, 348) | 0.065 | ||
| CK-MB, U/L | 15.7 (11, 27) | 14 (9, 19) | 19 (13.72, 35.45) | < 0.001* | ||
| a-HBDH, U/L | 329.7 (223.1, 461.8) | 268.3 (185.85, 364.2) | 483.3 (279.75, 609.77) | < 0.001* | ||
| cTnT, ng/mL | 0.03 (0.014, 1.395) | 0.014 (0.011, 0.022) | 0.17 (0.041, 8.13) | < 0.001* | ||
| BNP, pg/mL | 199.4 (81.34, 874.3) | 118.35 (67.88,280.6) | 388.6 (145.2, 2262) | < 0.001* | ||
| TBil, μmol/L | 9.7 (7.1, 13.9) | 8.7 (6.9, 11.3) | 11.1 (7.8, 17.12) | < 0.001* | ||
| DBil, μmol/L | 3.9 (2.6, 6.47) | 3.3 (2.4, 4.3) | 5.05 (3.47, 9.3) | < 0.001* | ||
| IBil, μmol/L | 5.5 (3.8, 7.3) | 5.3 (3.6, 7.1) | 5.85 (3.87, 7.96) | 0.186 | ||
| ALT, U/L | 26.1 (17, 40) | 25 (17, 36) | 27.1 (18.15, 43.6) | 0.151 | ||
| AST, U/L | 32 (24, 49) | 28 (22, 40) | 38 (27.4, 61) | < 0.001* | ||
| LDH, U/L | 334 (236.9, 476) | 269 (199, 382) | 422 (294, 584.9) | < 0.001* | 0.993 (0.990, 0.997) | < 0.001* |
| Cr, μmol/l | 75 (57.25, 94) | 67 (56.4, 84.5) | 83 (60, 108) | 0.001* | ||
| BUN, mmol/L | 5.52 (4.14, 8.29) | 4.78 (3.8, 6.51) | 7.42 (4.48, 13.24) | < 0.001* | ||
| Alb, g/L | 31.7 (29.3, 35.7) | 32.8 (30, 36.9) | 31 (28.7, 33.95) | 0.001* | ||
The data are expressed in median (interquartile range) or number (%), when appropriate
Abbreviations: COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP C-reactive protein, PCT Procalcitonin, APTT Activated partial thromboplastin time, TT Thrombin time, PT Prothrombin time, INR International normalized ratio, CK Creatine kinase, CK-MB Creatine kinase isoenzyme, CTnT Troponin T, α-HBDH α-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, TBil Total bilirubin, IBil Indirect bilirubin, DBil Direct bilirubin, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase, Cr Creatinine, BUN Urea nitrogen, Alb Albumin, RR Relative risk
*P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
†, Variables with a P value of ≤0.1 in the univariate analyses were included in the log-binomial model and statistical data are not shown for variables that were not significant (i.e. P > 0.05) in the log-binomial model