Table 2.
Characteristics of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 by patients who had in-hospital mortality versus those who were discharged alive (n=1078)
| Patients with in-hospital mortality (n=310) | N with characteristic available | Patients who were discharged alive (n=768) | N with characteristic available | P value | |
| Required mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 165 (53) | 310 | 14 (1.8) | 768 | <0.001 |
| Time to ICU (hours), median (IQR) | 11.0 (4.9–44.7) | 121 | 12.6 (3.1–11.1) | 264 | <0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| White | 98 (31.6) | 310 | 216 (28.1) | 768 | |
| Black or African-American | 71 (22.9) | 185 (24.1) | |||
| Asian | 17 (5.5) | 22 (2.9) | |||
| Pacific Islander | 1 (0.3) | 7 (0.9) | |||
| Other | 111 (35.8) | 310 (40.4) | |||
| Unknown | 12 (3.9) | 28 (3.6) | |||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.005 | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 58 (18.7) | 310 | 208 (27.1) | 768 | |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 198 (63.9) | 464 (60.4) | |||
| Unknown | 54 (17.4) | 96 (12.5) | |||
| Age, median (IQR) | 75 (64–85) | 59 (45–72) | <0.001 | ||
| Age groups, n (%) | |||||
| 18–30 | 1 (0.32) | 310 | 53 (6.9) | 768 | |
| 31–40 | 2 (0.65) | 108 (14.1) | |||
| 41–50 | 17 (5.5) | 100 (13.0) | |||
| 51–60 | 37 (11.9) | 143 (18.6) | |||
| 61–70 | 66 (21.3) | 157 (20.4) | |||
| 71–80 | 83 (26.8) | 130 (16.9) | |||
| 80–90 | 75 (24.2) | 62 (8.1) | |||
| >90 | 29 (9.4) | 15 (2.0) | |||
| Sex, n (%) | 0.16 | ||||
| Male | 191 (61.6) | 310 | 436 (56.8) | 768 | |
| Female | 119 (38.4) | 332 (43.2) | |||
| Body mass index in kg/m2, median (IQR) | 32 (27–34) | 241 | 28 (25–32) | 627 | <0.001 |
| Previous medical history, n (%) | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 43 (13.9) | 768 | 42 (5.5) | 768 | 0.91 |
| Asthma | 23 (7.4) | 61 (7.9) | 0.87 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 83 (26.8) | 84 (10.9) | <0.001 | ||
| Cancer | 24 (7.7) | 40 (5.2) | 0.147 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 41 (13.2) | 54 (7) | 0.002 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 28 (9) | 31 (4) | 0.002 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 105 (33.9) | 151 (19.7) | <0.001 | ||
| Heart failure | 64 (20.6) | 53 (6.9) | <0.001 | ||
| Hypertension | 140 (45.2) | 233 (30.3) | <0.001 | ||
| Stroke | 32 (10.3) | 40 (5.2) | 0.004 | ||
| Admission laboratory parameters | |||||
| White blood cell count in K/μL, median (IQR) | 8.6 (5.9–12) | 281 | 6.2 (4.7–8.2) | 728 | <0.001 |
| Number of patients >10 K/µL, n (%) | 105 (37) | 281 | 101 (14) | 728 | <0.001 |
| Number of patients <4 K/µL, n (%) | 17 (6) | 281 | 106 (15) | 728 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin in g/dL, median (IQR) | 12.6 (10.9–14.3) | 282 | 13.2 (11.9–14.4) | 728 | <0.001 |
| Platelet count in K/µL, median (IQR) | 185 (144–239) | 282 | 193 (153–247) | 726 | 0.070 |
| Lymphocyte count K/μL, median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 248 | 1 (0.8–1.4) | 689 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte percentage, median (IQR) | 11.7 (6.6–18.6) | 270 | 16.6 (11.7–24.2) | 710 | <0.001 |
| Prothrombin time in s, median (IQR) | 14.2 (13.6–16.3) | 142 | 13.5 (13–14.4) | 304 | <0.001 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time in s, median (IQR) | 32.9 (30.2–37.6) | 140 | 31.4 (28.7–34.8) | 302 | 0.001 |
| Serum sodium in mEq/L, median (IQR) | 138 (134–141) | 284 | 137 (135–140) | 708 | 0.059 |
| Serum potassium in mEq/L, median (IQR) | 4.4 (4–5) | 288 | 4.1 (3.8–4.5) | 706 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine in mg/dL, median (IQR) | 1.3 (0.9–2.2) | 288 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 710 | <0.001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase in U/L, median (IQR) | 58.5 (34–102) | 246 | 36 (26–54) | 628 | <0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase in U/L, median (IQR) | 32 (19–58) | 119 | 30 (19–52) | 358 | 0.47 |
| Serum albumin in g/dL, median (IQR) | 3 (2.7–3.4) | 255 | 3.4 (3–3.7) | 635 | <0.001 |
| Venous lactate in mmol/L, median (IQR) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 108 | 1.3 (1.1–1.8) | 236 | <0.001 |
| Number of patients >1.5 mmol/L, n (%) | 74 (69) | 108 | 88 (37) | 236 | <0.001 |
| Inflammatory markers | |||||
| C reactive protein in mg/L, median (IQR) | 162 (75.7–266) | 141 | 79.3 (37.5–144) | 422 | <0.001 |
| Ferritin in ng/L, median (IQR) | 798 (397–2020) | 146 | 509 (235–987) | 410 | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin -in ng/mL, median (IQR) | 0.44 (0.16–1.45) | 138 | 0.09 (0.05–0.22) | 392 | <0.001 |
| Number of patients >0.49 ng/mL, n (%) | 67 (49) | 138 | 46 (12) | 392 | <0.001 |
| Number of patients <0.15 ng/mL, n (%) | 34 (25) | 138 | 263 (67) | 392 | <0.001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase in U/L, median (IQR) | 517 (371–756) | 134 | 347 (272–448) | 419 | <0.001 |
| Creatine kinase in U/L, median (IQR) | 472 (139–940) | 74 | 154 (84–319) | 126 | <0.001 |
| D-dimer in μg/mL, median (IQR) | 2.41 (1.18–3.79) | 117 | 0.93 (0.58–1.61) | 282 | <0.001 |
| Number of patients >2.0 µg/mL, n (%) | 66 (56) | 117 | 59 (21) | 282 | <0.001 |
Continuous and categorical variables were compared using a Wilcoxon test and Fisher’s exact test, respectively.
Baseline values are defined as first values on hospitalisation. All continuous characteristics are in median (IQR) unless specified otherwise and all categorical characteristics are in number (percentage). The percentage is calculated with the number of patients who had the characteristic available as the denominator. For further clarity, the number in which that characteristic was available for is provided separately in adjacent column.
ICU, intensive care unit.