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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 30.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020 Jun 16;20(9):44. doi: 10.1007/s11882-020-00944-2

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

An increase in pathogenic bacteria is associated with a decrease in innate immune responses including a decrease in mucosal protection and an upregulation of inflammatory cytokines leading to an increase in allergic sensitization. In contrast, an increase in commensal bacteria is associated with activation of innate immunity and prevention of allergic sensitization.