Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with and without suspected COVID-19 symptoms.
| Variables | Total (n = 928) | Without S-COVID-19-Sa (n = 480) | With S-COVID-19-Sa (n = 448) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-valueb | |
| Age, year | 0.066 | |||
| 60–70 | 648 (69.8) | 348 (72.5) | 300 (67.0) | |
| 71–85 | 280 (30.2) | 132 (27.5) | 148 (33.0) | |
| Gender | 0.969 | |||
| Women | 522 (56.3) | 270 (56.3) | 252 (56.3) | |
| Men | 405 (46.6) | 210 (43.8) | 195 (43.5) | |
| Marital status | 0.742 | |||
| Never married | 33 (3.6) | 18 (3.8) | 15 (3.3) | |
| Ever married | 895 (96.4) | 462 (96.3) | 433 (96.7) | |
| Education | 0.019 | |||
| Elementary school or illiterate | 228 (24.6) | 121 (25.2) | 107 (23.9) | |
| Junior high school | 293 (31.6) | 166 (34.6) | 127 (28.3) | |
| High school | 199 (21.4) | 102 (21.3) | 97 (21.7) | |
| College/university or above | 206 (22.2) | 89 (18.5) | 117 (26.1) | |
| Occupation | <0.001 | |||
| Employed | 34 (3.7) | 19 (4.0) | 15 (3.3) | |
| Business owner | 282 (30.4) | 102 (21.3) | 180 (40.2) | |
| Others | 609 (65.6) | 358 (74.6) | 251 (56.0) | |
| Comorbidity | <0.001 | |||
| None | 602 (64.9) | 278 (57.9) | 324 (72.3) | |
| One or more | 323 (34.8) | 196 (40.8) | 124 (27.7) | |
| Ability to pay for medication | <0.001 | |||
| Very or fairly difficult | 544 (58.6) | 217 (45.2) | 327 (73.0) | |
| Very or fairly easy | 383 (41.3) | 262 (54.6) | 121 (27.0) | |
| Social status | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 197 (21.2) | 77 (16.0) | 120 (26.8) | |
| Middle or high | 730 (78.7) | 402 (83.8) | 328 (73.2) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal weight (BMI <25.0) | 800 (86.2) | 395 (82.3) | 405 (90.4) | |
| Overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25.0) | 126 (13.6) | 84 (17.5) | 42 (9.4) | |
| Current smoking status | 0.384 | |||
| Not smoking | 819 (88.3) | 427 (89) | 392 (87.5) | |
| Smoking | 105 (11.3) | 50 (10.4) | 55 (12.3) | |
| Current drinking status | 0.390 | |||
| Not drinking | 711 (76.6) | 364 (75.8) | 347 (77.5) | |
| Drinking | 207 (22.3) | 113 (23.5) | 94 (21.0) | |
| Eating behaviorc | 0.030 | |||
| Less healthy diet or unchanged | 754 (81.3) | 404 (84.2) | 350 (78.1) | |
| Healthier diet | 165 (17.8) | 73 (15.2) | 92 (20.5) | |
| Physical activity, MET-min/wk | <0.001 | |||
| Tertile-1 (MET-min/wk <500) | 397 (42.8) | 178 (37.1) | 219 (48.9) | |
| Tertile-2 (500 ≤ MET-min/wk <1,000) | 141 (15.2) | 54 (11.3) | 87 (19.4) | |
| Tertile-3 (MET-min/wk ≥ 1,000) | 390 (42.0) | 248 (51.7) | 142 (31.7) | |
| HL index | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 25.7 ± 8.09 | 26.7 ± 8.32 | 24.5 ± 7.70 | <0.001 |
| PHQ | ||||
| Not depressed (PHQ <10) | 804 (86.6) | 457 (95.2) | 347 (77.5) | <0.001 |
| Depressed (PHQ ≥ 10) | 124 (13.4) | 23 (4.8) | 101 (22.5) |
S-COVID-19-S, suspected COVID-19 symptoms; BMI, body mass index; HL index, health literacy index; PHQ, patient health questionnaire score; MET-min/wk, metabolic equivalent task-minutes for a week.
a
With and without S-COVID-19-S groups indicate patients who had suspected COVID-19 symptoms and those who did not, respectively.
b
The p-value is computed by Student t-test with continuous variables and Chi-square or Fisher exact test with category variables.
c
People were asked whether their eating behavior was worse, better, or unchanged during COVID-19 outbreak as compared to before the outbreak.