Table 2. Mean (SD) for outcomes reported at all study visits for total and each group, significant differences between visits within groups, p values, mean difference (95% CI) and effect size (95% CI) between groups for pain intensity and disability.
| Clinical outcome | Total (n = 30) | TTEP Group (n = 15) | SSEP Group (n = 15) | p value TTEP- SSEP | Mean difference (95% CI) | Effect size (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain (0–10 cm) | VAS 1 | 6.5 (1.4) | 6.4 (1.2) | 6.5 (1.6) | 0.80 | −0.13 (−1.20–0.93) | −0.09NND (−0.45–0.27) |
| VAS 2 | 3.2a(2.0) | 3.3a(1.7) | 3.1a(2.3) | 0.79 | 0.20 (−1.32–1.72) | 0.10ND (−0.26–0.46) | |
| VAS 3 | 2.0a,b (1.8) | 1.9a,b (1.7) | 2.2a,b (1.9) | 0.62 | −0.33 (−1.67–1.01) | −0.19NND (−0.55–0.18) | |
| NRS 4 | 2.8a(3.0) | 2.8a(3.1) | 2.9a(3.0) | 0.97 | −0.05 (−2.40–2.31) | −0.02NND (−0.37–−0.34) | |
| Disability (0-24 points) | RMDQ 1 | 9.2 (3.9) | 8.9 (4.1) | 9.5 (3.9) | 0.68 | −0.6 (−3.57–2.37) | −0.15ND (−5.12–0.21) |
| RMDQ 2 | 5.0a(3.2) | 5.3a(3.8) | 4.8a(2.7) | 0.70 | 0.47 (−1.99–2.93) | 0,15ND (−0.22–0.50) | |
| RMDQ 3 | 3.6a,b (2.8) | 3.8a,b (3.3) | 3.4a,b (2.2) | 0.70 | 0.40 (−1.72–2.52) | 0.14NND (−0.28–0.50) | |
| RMDQ 4 | 4.3a(4.3) | 3.9a(3.8) | 4.8a(4.9) | 0.62 | −0.84 (−4.22–2.55) | −0.20NND (−0.56–0.17) | |
Notes.
- TTEP
- traditional trunk exercise program
- SSEP
- specific stabilization exercise program
- VAS
- visual analogue scale
- NRS
- numerical rating scale
- RMDQ
- Roland Morris disability questionnaire
- CI
- Confidence Interval
- ND
- Normal distribution
- NND
- Not normal distribution
p < 0.05= significant difference between groups.
1
Baseline (session 0).
2
Half intervention (session 10).
3
Post-intervention (session 20).
4
A month post-intervention.
a
Significant difference from session 0.
b
Significant difference from session 10.