Table 3. Relationship between psychiatric symptoms and demographic characteristics in Parkinson’s disease patients and their caregivers.
| Demographic variables | Somatization | Depression | Anxiety | OCD | Interpersonal sensitivity | Phobia | Paranoid ideation | Psychoticism | GSI | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient | Caregivers | Patient | Caregivers | Patient | Caregivers | Patient | Caregivers | Patient | Caregivers | Patient | Caregivers | Patient | Caregivers | Patient | Caregivers | Patient | Caregivers | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 0.60 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.4 |
| Female | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 1.4 | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
| p-value | 0.980 | < 0.001 | 0.210 | 0.250 | 0.360 | < 0.001 | 0.310 | 0.760 | 0.920 | 0.030 | 0.940 | 0.430 | 0.430 | 0.0960 | 0.040 | 0.070 | 0.590 | < 0.001 |
| Education | ||||||||||||||||||
| Primary school | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 |
| High school | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 1.6 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.4 |
| University | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.4 |
| p-value | 0.850 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.800 | 0.040 | 0.570 | 0.540 | 0.760 | 0.260 | 0.670 | 0.810 | 0.990 | 0.700 | 0.450 | 0.700 | 0.510 | 0.590 | 0.510 |
| Job | ||||||||||||||||||
| Employed | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
| Unemployed | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.26 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
| p-value | 0.680 | 0.060 | 0.410 | 0.450 | 0.600 | 0.980 | 0.590 | 0.480 | 1.000 | 0.530 | 0.570 | 0.210 | 0.550 | 0.490 | 0.660 | 0.320 | 0.580 | 0.590 |
| Place of living | ||||||||||||||||||
| Urban | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.4 |
| Rural | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 |
| p-value | 0.290 | < 0.001 | 0.550 | 0.500 | 0.860 | 0.840 | 0.450 | 0.220 | 0.840 | 0.970 | 0.280 | 0.990 | 0.090 | 0.540 | 0.040 | 0.490 | 0.700 | 0.280 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.57 ± 0.5 |
| No | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.87 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 |
| p-value | 0.200 | < 0.001 | 0.400 | 0.070 | 0.280 | 0.360 | 0.150 | 0.340 | 0.150 | 0.670 | 0.090 | 0.170 | 0.750 | 0.760 | 0.890 | 0.800 | 0.900 | 0.210 |
| Chronic disease | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.3 |
| No | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.4 |
| p-value | 0.030 | < 0.001 | 0.660 | 0.490 | 0.190 | 0.070 | 0.980 | 0.730 | 0.060 | < 0.001 | 0.080 | 0.400 | 0.710 | 0.440 | 0.390 | 0.050 | 0.150 | < 0.001 |
| Symptoms of Parkinson | ||||||||||||||||||
| Tremor | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 1.25 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
| Bradykinesia | 1.6 ± 0.51 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 |
| Rigidity | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
| Impaired balance | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.3 |
| p-value | < 0.001 | 0.650 | 0.300 | 0.450 | 0.810 | 0.470 | 0.070 | 0.590 | < 0.001 | 0.570 | < 0.001 | 0.450 | < 0.001 | 0.110 | 0.080 | 0.110 | < 0.001 | 0.600 |
Data were given as mean±standard deviation. OCD: obsessive-compulsive disorder; GSI: global severity index.