Table 1.

Stepping pattern of PdF₁F_o and other rotary ATPases

Protein	Protein thermostability	Domain of life	Physiological function	Proteolipid/ring	Dwell/turn in F1/V1	Source
TF1Fo	Thermophile	Bacteria	ATP synthase/hydrolase	10*	6†,‡	(13, 66)
EF1Fo	Mesophile	Bacteria	ATP synthase/hydrolase	10*	6†,§	(15, 67)
hMF1Fo	Mesophile	Eukarya	ATP synthase	8¶	9†,‡	(21, 65)
bMF1Fo	Mesophile	Eukarya	ATP synthase	8#	9†,‡	(20, 65)
YMF1Fo	Mesophile	Eukarya	ATP synthase	10#	6†,§	(6, 22)
PdF1Fo	Mesophile	Bacteria	ATP synthase	12#	3†,‡	(33); this study
TtV1Vo**	Thermophile	Bacteria	ATP synthase	12*	3†,‡	(62, 68)
EhV1Vo††	Mesophile	Bacteria	ATP hydrolase	10#	6†,‡	(63, 69)

^*Values confirmed by electron cryomicroscopy analysis.

^†Values determined by single-molecule analysis using gold nanoparticles as a rotary probe.

^‡Forty-nanometer gold nanoparticles were used.

^§Sixty-nanometer gold nanoparticles were used.

^¶Values suggested according to phylogenetic analysis.

^#Values confirmed by crystallography.

^**Tt (Thermus thermophilus).

^††Eh (Enterococcus hirae).