Fig. 1.

Location of the 131 field sites (Dataset S1) for which this research assessed tree species replacement patterns after mortality concomitant with drought. The analysis considers forest and woodland sites across Earth’s forested biomes, excluding species-rich tropical biomes (gray areas in the map). Global forest cover is based on Global Forest Watch (http://globalforestwatch.org). Biome classification (61): BorF, boreal forests/taiga; Des, deserts and xeric shrublands; MedF, Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub; MnG, montane grasslands; TeBF, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests; TeCF, temperate conifer forests; TeG, temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands; TrG, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. Photos exemplifying the four replacement processes considered are as follows. (A) Self-replacement; E. marginata, Northern Jarrah Forest, Australia (G.M., 2014). (B) Replacement by another tree species; Cedrus atlantica, Middle Atlas, Morocco (E.B., 2017). (C) Replacement by shrub species; Abies pinsapo, Sierra de las Nieves, Spain (E.B., 2017). (D) No replacement by woody vegetation; P. edulis, New Mexico, USA (F.L., 2012).