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Comparable mortality costs of intergroup aggression. Adult mortality rate from intergroup aggression in chimpanzees P. troglodytes (N = 5 populations studied for >5 y), small-scale human societies (N = 12 hunter-gatherers and N = 20 subsistence farmer societies), meerkats (N = 24 groups studied for >5 y), and banded mongooses (N = 10 groups studied for >5 y). Box, median and IQR; whisker, 90th percentile; points, outliers. Human and nonhuman primate data are redrawn from ref. 54.
