TABLE 3.

Between-groups comparison of cardiovascular function of older adults.

	Group				p-value
	Aqua	Land	Mix	Sed
Raw CVC (APU/mm Hg)
Baseline	0.6 ± 0.4	0.4 ± 0.4	0.4 ± 0.6	0.3 ± 0.1	0.2
Initial peak	3.1 ± 0.9	2.7 ± 0.9	3.2 ± 1.2	2.2 ± 0.7	0.004*
Plateau	3.7 ± 1.3	3.5 ± 1.6	3.6 ± 1.2	2.6 ± 1.1	0.005*
Max	4.4 ± 1.3	4.0 ± 1.2	4.3 ± 1.3	3.1 ± 0.8	0.002*
CVC max (%)
Baseline	12.4 ± 7.3	11 ± 11.7	10.5 ± 15.5	12.5 ± 8.5	0.1
Initial peak	73.4 ± 18.7	71.3 ± 27.4	76.4 ± 20.5	71.7 ± 17.3	0.9
Plateau	84.5 ± 15.9	90.3 ± 40	85.3 ± 18.8	83.9 ± 19.7	0.9
FMD
FMD (%)	11.2 ± 4.2	11.7 ± 5.2	11.4 ± 4.4	5.0 ± 2.3	<0.0005*
FMD pre-occlusion (cm)	3.98 (0.67)	4.01 (0.69)	4.02 (0.45)	3.92 (0.32)	0.6
FMD post-occlusion (cm)	4.46 (0.69)	4.45 (0.56)	4.42 (0.51)	4.12 (0.34)	<0.005*

Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation; *Statistical significance = p < 0.05. CVC, cutaneous vascular conductance; APU, arbitrary perfusion units; CVC max, percentage of maximum CVC; FMD, flow mediated dilation. Aqua, aquatic exercise; Land, land-based exercise; Mix, mixed aquatic and land-based exercise; Sed, sedentary.