Table 1.
Sample demographics and clinical characteristics.
| Characteristic | No-RE group (n = 94) | Non-TCE group (n = 119) | TCE group (n = 91) | (F/χ2) value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 67.29 ± 7.69 | 66.40 ± 7.47 | 66.30 ± 7.26 | 0.508 | 0.602 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 39 (41.5%) | 32 (26.9%) | 42 (46.2%) | ||
| Female | 55 (58.5%) | 87 (73.1%) | 49 (53.8%) | 9.280 | 0.010∗ |
| Education (years), n (%) | |||||
| ≤12 | 92 (97.9%) | 107 (89.9%) | 69 (75.8%) | ||
| >12 | 2 (2.1%) | 12 (10.1%) | 22 (24.2%) | 22.109 | <0.001∗ |
| Occupation, n (%) | |||||
| Physical labour | 66 (70.2%) | 54 (45.4%) | 34 (37.4%) | ||
| Mental labour | 28 (29.8%) | 65 (54.6%) | 57 (62.6%) | 22.143 | <0.001∗ |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)# | 24.61 ± 3.62 | 25.06 ± 3.15 | 24.44 ± 2.83 | 1.068 | 0.345 |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||||
| Married | 76 (80.9%) | 97 (81.5%) | 80 (87.9%) | ||
| Others | 18 (19.1%) | 22 (18.5%) | 11 (12.1%) | 2.061 | 0.357 |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Never | 66 (70.2%) | 105 (88.2%) | 73 (80.2%) | ||
| Former | 16 (17.0%) | 9 (7.6%) | 11 (12.1%) | ||
| Current | 12 (12.8%) | 5 (4.2%) | 7 (7.7%) | 10.985 | 0.027∗ |
| Drinking, n (%) | |||||
| No | 73 (77.7%) | 99 (83.2%) | 64 (70.3%) | ||
| Yes | 21 (22.3%) | 20 (16.8%) | 27 (29.7%) | 4.914 | 0.086 |
| Taste preferences, n (%) | |||||
| Heavy | 23 (24.5%) | 22 (18.5%) | 19 (20.8%) | ||
| Normal | 38 (40.4%) | 42 (35.3%) | 37 (40.7%) | ||
| Bland | 33 (35.1%) | 55 (46.2%) | 35 (38.5%) | 3.144 | 0.534 |
| Sleep status (hours), n (%) | |||||
| ≤6 | 63 (67.0%) | 78 (65.5%) | 53 (58.2%) | ||
| >6 | 31 (33.0%) | 41 (34.5%) | 38 (41.8%) | 1.797 | 0.407 |
| Social activities, n (%) | |||||
| No | 11 (11.7%) | 16 (13.4%) | 8 (8.8%) | ||
| Yes | 83 (88.3%) | 103 (86.6%) | 83 (91.2%) | 1.101 | 0.577 |
| Chronic diseases, n (%) | |||||
| None | 79 (84.1%) | 94 (79.0%) | 75 (82.4%) | ||
| Hypertension | 5 (5.3%) | 12 (10.1%) | 8 (8.8%) | ||
| Diabetes | 2 (2.1%) | 2 (1.7%) | 1 (1.1%) | ||
| Others | 8 (8.5%) | 11 (9.2%) | 7 (7.7%) | 2.121 | 0.908 |
| Physical activity level, n (%) | |||||
| Low level | 34 (36.2%) | 8 (6.7%) | 13 (14.3%) | ||
| Medium level | 54 (57.4%) | 70 (58.8%) | 54 (59.3%) | ||
| High level | 6 (6.4%) | 41 (34.5%) | 24 (26.4%) | 44.467 | <0.001∗ |
No-RE, no regular exercise; non-TCE, nontraditional Chinese exercise; TCE, traditional Chinese exercise; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index. #Having missing value; ∗P < 0.05.