Table 5.

Changes of major metabolite features detected in ¹H-MRS in NPSLE patients vs. healthy controls.

Brain region	Metabolites	HCs (n = 16)	NPSLE (n = 23)	p value	AUC
RPCG	Cr	2.304 ± 0.473	3.124 ± 0.418	0.274	0.591
	PCr∗	4.184 ± 0.651	2.479 ± 0.583	0.035	0.588
	Cr+PCr	3.465 ± 0.506	2.900 ± 0.491	0.391	0.432
	NAA	4.457 ± 0.428	3.935 ± 0.419	0.478	0.457
	NAAG∗∗	3.604 ± 0.550	3.782 ± 0.581	0.848	0.548
	NAA+NAAG	6.222 ± 0.728	4.996 ± 0.692	0.183	0.283
	NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr	3.622 ± 0.776	5.316 ± 0.649	0.086	0.62
	mI	2.075 ± 0.388	2.535 ± 0.335	0.274	0.557
	mI/Cr+PCr∗∗	2.626 ± 0.473	3.437 ± 0.399	0.165	0.567
	Cho+PCh∗	5.151 ± 0.477	3.892 ± 0.502	0.039	0.492
	Cho+PCh/Cr+PCr∗∗	4.138 ± 0.535	4.867 ± 0.377	0.249	0.466
	Glu+Gln	4.799 ± 0.503	4.452 ± 0.407	0.322	0.398
	Glu+Gln/Cr+PCr	4.296 ± 0.494	4.253 ± 0.456	0.953	0.389
LPCG	Cr	4.211 ± 0.591	3.452 ± 0.491	0.442	0.485
	PCr	4.248 ± 0.758	4.125 ± 0.602	0.825	0.435
	Cr+PCr∗∗	2.803 ± 0.620	3.788 ± 0.506	0.225	0.41
	NAA	4.208 ± 0.340	3.395 ± 0.319	0.104	0.401
	NAAG	4.681 ± 0.321	3.817 ± 0.437	0.249	0.444
	NAA+NAAG∗∗∗	7.005 ± 0.497	6.009 ± 0.333	0.005	0.66
	NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr∗∗∗	7.655 ± 0.199	6.571 ± 0.259	0.006	0.658
	mI∗	7.284 ± 0.207	6.273 ± 0.293	0.009	0.62
	mI/Cr+PCr∗∗	6.893 ± 0.167	6.513 ± 0.159	0.132	0.413
	Cho+PCh	6.303 ± 0.354	6.395 ± 0.369	0.636	0.391
	Cho+PCh/Cr+PCr	8.776 ± 0.201	7.673 ± 0.486	0.076	0.457
	Glu+Gln∗∗	5.625 ± 0.898	6.886 ± 0.513	0.595	0.682
	Glu+Gln/Cr+PCr	5.601 ± 0.174	5.385 ± 0.264	0.745	0.457
RDT	Cr	5.898 ± 0.163	5.931 ± 0.226	0.859	0.535
	PCr∗	9.658 ± 0.691	8.485 ± 0.431	0.008	0.694
	Cr+PCr∗	10.614 ± 0.269	9.178 ± 0.316	0.001	0.747
	NAA∗	8.094 ± 0.265	6.612 ± 0.314	0.002	0.76
	NAAG	8.705 ± 0.266	7.739 ± 0.382	0.058	0.576
	NAA+NAAG	7.660 ± 0.333	7.239 ± 0.427	0.636	0.435
	NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr∗	9.645 ± 0.271	7.703 ± 0.529	0.004	0.639
	mI	7.552 ± 1.146	8.459 ± 0.549	0.496	0.66
	mI/Cr+PCr∗	8.821 ± 0.195	7.907 ± 0.331	0.041	0.766
	Cho+PCh∗	9.435 ± 0.245	7.537 ± 0.374	0.001	0.776
	Cho+PCh/Cr+PCr	0.753 ± 0.173	0.852 ± 0.207	0.79	0.5
	Glu+Gln	0.830 ± 0.268	0.896 ± 0.219	0.767	0.478
	Glu+Gln/Cr+PCr	0.501 ± 0.197	0.618 ± 0.217	0.767	0.457
LDT	Cr	2.163 ± 0.388	1.821 ± 0.378	0.221	0.591
	PCr	0.429 ± 0.263	0.776 ± 0.247	0.188	0.435
	Cr+Cr	1.005 ± 0.343	0.744 ± 0.326	0.274	0.457
	NAA∗∗	0.923 ± 0.344	1.594 ± 0.275	0.076	0.639
	NAAG∗∗∗	1.242 ± 0.161	0.559 ± 0.118	0.002	0.673
	NAA+NAAG	1.272 ± 0.214	1.010 ± 0.223	0.255	0.598
	NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr∗	10.263 ± 0.725	9.027 ± 0.449	0.003	0.735
	mI∗	11.241 ± 0.256	9.843 ± 0.341	0.002	0.60
	mI/Cr+PCr∗	8.411 ± 0.204	6.993 ± 0.349	0.002	0.779
	Cho+PCh∗∗	10.063 ± 0.258	8.924 ± 0.224	0.002	0.685
	Cho+PCh/Cr+PCr	7.884 ± 0.328	7.748 ± 0.465	0.929	0.435
	Glu+Gln∗	10.173 ± 0.233	8.251 ± 0.492	0.001	0.548
	Glu+Gln/Cr+PCr	8.047 ± 1.213	9.348 ± 0.544	0.615	0.629
RLN	Cr∗	9.868 ± 0.231	8364 ± 0.362	0.005	0.648
	PCr∗∗∗	10.409 ± 0.309	8.383 ± 0.389	0.001	0.673
	Cr+PCr∗∗	1.394 ± 0.098	1.555 ± 0.068	0.478	0.5
	NAA	1.501 ± 0.055	1.556 ± 0.068	0.359	0.5
	NAAG	1.163 ± 0.024	1.112 ± 0.029	0.515	0.5
	NAA+NAAG	1.508 ± 0.047	1.410 ± 0.047	0.225	0.5
	NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr	1.323 ± 0.066	1.215 ± 0.079	0.478	0.5
	mI∗	1.170 ± 0.029	1.044 ± 0.058	0.036	0.5
	mI/Cr+PCr	1.118 ± 0.172	1.358 ± 0.077	0.701	0.603
	Cho+PCh∗∗∗	1.801 ± 0.032	1.611 ± 0.048	0.003	0.588
	Cho+PCh/Cr+PCr∗∗∗	1.800 ± 0.067	1.461 ± 0.067	0.003	0.598
	Glu+Gln	5.246 ± 0.447	4.649 ± 0.582	0.231	0.482
	Glu+Gln/Cr+PCr∗∗	5.429 ± 0.512	5.604 ± 0.313	0.836	0.432
LLN	Cr	4.839 ± 0.442	5.584 ± 0.395	0.107	0.457
	PCr∗	4.220 ± 0.296	5.574 ± 0.390	0.008	0.641
	Cr+PCr	3.167 ± 0.687	4.850 ± 0.692	0.076	0.501
	NAA	5.630 ± 0.443	5.205 ± 0.608	0.953	0.504
	NAAG	3.816 ± 0.642	5.529 ± 0.545	0.124	0.526
	NAA+NAAG	5.370 ± 0.249	5.819 ± 0.503	0.722	0.557
	NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr	5.729 ± 0.304	5.901 ± 0.366	0.88	0.651
	mI∗	0.703 ± 0.055	5.674 ± 0.071	0.894	0.5
	mI/Cr+Cr∗∗	0.708 ± 0.628	5.838 ± 0.034	0.036	0.478
	Cho+PCh∗∗∗	0.655 ± 0.061	0.883 ± 0.061	0.007	0.601
	Cho+PCh/Cr+PCr∗∗∗	0.610 ± 0.038	0.844 ± 0.055	0.001	0.541
	Glu+Gln	0.480 ± 0.094	1.033 ± 0.395	0.132	0.435
	Glu+Gln/Cr+PCr	0.611 ± 0.029	0.667 ± 0.085	0.344	0.5
RI	Cr∗	0.532 ± 0.095	0.786 ± 0.062	0.005	0.603
	PCr	0.944 ± 0.037	1.109 ± 0.067	0.193	0.5
	Cr+PCr	0.982 ± 0.047	1.016 ± 0.044	0.478	0.5
	NAA∗	1.322 ± 0.093	1.179 ± 0.072	0.023	0.457
	NAAG	1.667 ± 0.050	1.548 ± 0.078	0.124	0.5
	NAA+NAAG	2.107 ± 0.071	2.051 ± 0.019	0.615	0.5
	NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr∗∗	1.983 ± 0.061	1.893 ± 0.063	0.261	0.5
	mI	1.561 ± 0.094	1.668 ± 0.012	0.209	0.466
	mI/Cr+PCr	2.285 ± 0.696	2.153 ± 0.131	0.626	0.5
	Cho+PCh∗∗	1.496 ± 0.240	1.872 ± 0.138	0.329	0.603
	Cho+PCh/Cr+PCr	2.056 ± 0.088	1.895 ± 0.098	0.425	0.5
	Glu+Gln	2.127 ± 0.068	2.034 ± 0.076	0.461	0.5
	Glu+Gln/Cr+PCr	0.176 ± 0.012	0.201 ± 0.011	0.359	0.5
RPWM	Cr	0.220 ± 0.008	0.232 ± 0.008	0.442	0.5
	PCr∗	0.292 ± 0.007	0.330 ± 0.011	0.008	0.5
	Cr+PCr	0.292 ± 0.006	0.292 ± 0.005	0.859	0.5
	NAA	0.253 ± 0.011	0.261 ± 0.018	0.657	0.5
	NAAG	0.260 ± 0.006	0.274 ± 0.017	0.274	0.5
	NAA+NAAG	0.201 ± 0.030	0.263 ± 0.013	0.174	0.5
	NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr	0.381 ± 0.015	0.372 ± 0.018	0.723	0.5
	mI	0.369 ± 0.012	0.355 ± 0.013	0.329	0.5
	mI/Cr+PCr	15.876 ± 1.396	14.623 ± 0.850	0.165	0.622
	Cho+PCh	15.208 ± 1.396	14.357 ± 0.687	0.132	0.495
	Cho+PCh/Cr+PCr∗∗∗	15.249 ± 0.636	11.941 ± 1.002	0.01	0.576
	Glu+Gln	11.651 ± 0.901	13.566 ± 0.755	0.261	0.432
	Glu+Gln/Cr+PCr∗∗	8.923 ± 1.758	12.151 ± 1.041	0.104	0.535
LPWM	Cr∗	17.459 ± 0.726	14.326 ± 1.757	0.005	0.726
	PCr∗∗	10.796 ± 1.628	14.001 ± 0.975	0.375	0.735
	Cr+PCr	11.579 ± 0.701	10.167 ± 0.996	0.79	0.704
	NAA	11.621 ± 0.585	11.756 ± 0.604	0.813	0.457
	NAAG∗	2.113 ± 0.163	2.569 ± 0.145	0.036	0.5
	NAA+NAAG∗∗	2.028 ± 0.149	2.267 ± 0.138	1	0.5
	NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr∗∗	2.089 ± 0.083	1.855 ± 0.154	0.225	0.5
	mI∗	1.668 ± 0.119	2.094 ± 0.116	0.033	0.516
	mI/Cr+PCr	1.526 ± 0.288	1.788 ± 0.147	0.679	0.548
	Cho+PCh	2.007 ± 0.097	1.875 ± 0.244	0.132	0.603
	Cho+PCh/Cr+PCr	1.499 ± 0.236	1.996 ± 0.117	0.091	0.603
	Glu+Gln	2.004 ± 0.077	1.925 ± 0.159	0.515	0.5
	Glu+Gln/Cr+PCr	2.028 ± 0.079	2.153 ± 0.158	0.813	0.5

^∗Metabolites with significant difference (p < 0.05). ^∗∗Metabolites for our model. ^∗∗∗Metabolites for our model and metabolites with significant difference (p < 0.05).