Table 2.
List of plants used in Moroccan alternative medicine as antigout.
| Scientific name | Family | Traditional used part | Traditional method of use | Experimentalused part | Extraction methods | Experimental study | Results | Toxicity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ailanthus altissima | Simaroubaceae | Flowers | Infusion | Flowers | Decoction (distilled water) | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21–23] |
| Artemisia herba-alba | Asteraceae | Flowers | Infusion | Flowers | Decoction (distilled water) | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 24, 25] |
| Capparis spinosa L. | Caparidaceae | Fruit | Mixed the dried fruit with honey | Root and aerial part | Maceration (distilled water, methanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) | In vitro | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (crude extract of root, IC50, 0.32, 0.36, and 4.32 mg/mL) (crude extract of aerial part, IC50, 0.023, 0.09, and 1.35 mg/mL) | No | [26–28] |
| Caryophyllus aromaticus L. | Myrtaceae | Flowers | Infusion | Flowers | Decoction (distilled water) | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 24, 29] |
| Citrullus colocynthis L. | Cucurbitaceae | Pulp | Decoction (water and honey) and maceration | Leaves | Soxhlet extraction (hexane, chloroform, and methanol) | In vitro | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase IC50 = 0.58 IC50 = 1.8 IC50 = 5.96 |
Toxic LD50 = 2500 mg/kg |
[26, 30, 31] |
| Colchicum autumnale L. | Liliaceae | Seeds and capsule | — | — | — | — | Antigout action | Toxic | [10, 31] |
| Ginkgo biloba L. | Ginkgoaceae | Leaves | Infusion | Leaves | Decoction | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 32–34] |
| Hyssopus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Flowers | Infusion | Flowers | Decoction | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 35–37] |
| Lavandula angustifolia | Lamiaceae | Flowers | Infusion | Flowers | Decoction | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 26, 37] |
| Melissa officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Infusion | Leaves | Decoction | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | Hepatotoxic | [21, 26, 38] |
| Mentha spicata L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Infusion | Leaves | Decoction | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 39, 40] |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Infusion | Leaves | Decoction | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 24, 37] |
|
Smilax officinalis
Smilax medica Smilax syphilitica Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill Smilax febrifuga Kunth. Smilax regelii Killip and C.V. Morton Smilax aspera L. |
Similaceae | Root | Cooking the herb with the meat. | Rhizome | Maceration | In vitro | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase IC50 = 33% (methanol extract) IC50 = 96% (water extract) |
No | [26, 41, 42] |
| Solidago virgaurea L. | Asteraceae | Leaves | Infusion | Leaves | Decoction | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 43, 44] |
| Thymus vulgaris L | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Infusion | Leaves | Decoction | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 45, 46] |
| Urtica dioica L. | Urticaceae | Leaves | Infusion | Leaves | Decoction | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 24, 47] |
| Zea mays L. | Poaceae | Stigma | Infusion | Stigma | Decoction | In vitro (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | No | [21, 45, 48] |