Table 2. Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| Randomized controlled trials | Cohort studies | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WASH 2004 17 | HELAS 2006 18 | WATCH 2009 19 | WARCEF 2012 20 | COMMANDER HF 2018 21 | SOLVD 1998 22 | BEST f 2011 24 | ADHERE 2013 28 | ||||||||||||
| Intervention | VKA | Asp | NT |
IHD
e
VKA |
DCM
e
VKA |
IHD Asp |
DCM NT |
VKA | Asp | VKA | Asp | Riv | NT | VKA | NT | VKA | NT | VKA | NT |
| Participants ( n ) | 89 | 91 | 99 | 54 | 38 | 61 | 44 | 540 | 523 | 1,142 | 1,163 | 2,507 | 2,515 | 861 | 6,562 | 471 | 1,171 | 1,140 | 12,077 |
| Male (%) | 76 | 75 | 72 | 85 | 78 | 93 | 78 | 85 | 85 | 79.3 | 80.7 | 78 | 76.2 | 87 | 85.4 | 77 | 76 | 60.5 | 53.6 |
| Age (y) Mean ± SD |
62 | 65 | 61 | 62.3 ± 9.7 | 54.8 ± 12.4 | 61.0 ± 8.9 | 56.1 ± 11.4 | 63 ± 11 | 63 ± 11 | 61 ± 11.6 | 61 ± 11.1 | 66.5 ± 10.1 | 66.3 ± 10.3 | 58.5 ± 10.8 | 59.7 ± 10.1 | 56 ± 12 | 60 ± 12 | 77.0 ± 6.9 | 78.2 ± 7.6 |
| Mean EF (%) Mean ± SD |
NR | NR | NR | 28.8 ± 5.9 | 26.8 ± 5.3 | 29.3 ± 8.0 | 27.5 ± 5.5 | 25 ± 6 | 24 ± 7 | 25 ± 7.5 | 25 ± 7.5 | 35 | 34 | 26.2 ± 6.6 | 27.1 ± 6.2 | 21.4 ± 7.3 | 23.5 ± 7.2 | NR | NR |
| NYHA III–IV (%) | 26 | 29 | 31 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 54 | 58 | 32.1 | 29.6 | 52 | 53.7 | 14.7 | 11.8 | 91 (III) | 93 (III) | NR | NR |
| AF (%) | 7 | 7 | 4 | 0 c | 0 c | 0 c | 0 | 9.3 d | 10.3 d | 3.9 | 3.6 | NR | NR | 19.3 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | NR | NR |
| Diabetes (%) | 17 | 19 | 24 | 26 | 11 | 31 | 10 | 38 | 34 | 32.6 | 30.4 | 40.8 | 40.9 | 14.6 | 20 | 33 | 39 | 35.3 | 42 |
| Previous MI (%) | NR | NR | NR | 84 | 4 | 81 | 0 | 60 | 58 | 48.2 | 48.7 | 76.2 | 75.2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 32.2 | 38.7 |
| Hypertension (%) | 34 | 30 | 37 | 45 | 24 | 48 | 25 | 49 | 48 | 60.8 | 61.7 | 75.7 | 75 | 34.4 | 39.8 | 51 | 61 | 67.7 | 71.2 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) Mean ± SD |
126 | 124 | 127 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 120 ± 19 | 118 ± 18 | 124 ± 19.3 | 124 ± 18.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 114 ± 16 | 119 ± 19 | NR | NR |
| Nonsmoker (%) | NR | NR | NR | 48 | 63 | 38 | 60 | 21 | 21 | 30.2 | 31.4 | NR | NR | 21.8 | 21.7 | 80 | 82 | NR | NR |
| Use of ACE-I/ARB (%) | 90 a | 88 a | 94 a | 51.2 | 65.3 | 62 | 66.5 | 88/11 | 88/11 | 98.4 | 98.4 | 93.6 | 92.0 | NR | NR | 97 | 97 | 76.4 | 72.1 |
| Use of diuretics (%) | 98 b | 96 b | 93 b | 52 | 61 | 60 | 64 | 98 | 98 | 81.4 | 80.3 | 99.5 | 99.6 | 48.8 | 41.8 | 92 | 93 | 80.9 | 78.1 |
| Use of β-blocker (%) | 10 | 8 | 14 | 12.5 | 5.5 | 17.4 | 8.9 | 71 | 69 | 90.3 | 98.5 | 91.7 | 93.1 | 13.3 | 18.6 | 49 | 51 | 71.9 | 68.4 |
| Baseline aspirin/APT (%) | 56 | 42 | 46 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 7.5 | 8.7 | 92.9 | 93.3 | 17.7 | 50.9 | 21 | 63 | 46.2 | 64.4 |
| Baseline warfarin (%) | 4 | 9 | 2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1 | 1 | 7.9 | 7.7 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Abbreviations: ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; APT, antiplatelet therapy; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; asp, aspirin; BP, blood pressure; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy group; EF, ejection fraction; IHD, ischemic cardiomyopathy group; MI, myocardial infarction; N, number; NR, not reported; NT, no treatment; NYHA, New York Health Association; SD, standard deviation; VKA, vitamin-K antagonist.
a
ACE only.
b
Loop diuretics.
c
AF was an absolute contraindication. Three developed AF but was excluded.
d
During follow-up.
e
IHD/warfarin and DCM/warfarin groups were combined to one group in the meta-analysis.
f
Before propensity making.