Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with refractory COVID-19 before venovenous ECMO cannulation including demographics, comorbidities, and clinical course before initiation of ECMO
| Median age, y (IQR) | 51 (40-59) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 27/37 (73) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Hispanic | 19/37 (51) |
| African American | 9/37 (24) |
| White | 6/37 (16) |
| Asian | 3/37 (8) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 33.9 (30.6-37.9) |
| Coexisting conditions, n (%) | |
| Hypertension | 25/37 (67.6) |
| Diabetes | 19/37 (51.4) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3/37 (8.1) |
| Active smoker | 1/37 (2.7) |
| End-stage renal disease on hemodialysis | 1/37 (2.7) |
| Immunodeficiency | 3/37 (8.1) |
| Admission setting, n (%) | |
| Direct admission to ECMO center | 23/37 (62.2) |
| Transfer to ECMO center | 14/37 (37.8) |
| Pre-ECMO hospital course | |
| Median days from admit to intubation (IQR) | 5 (1-9.3) |
| Median days from admit to ECMO (IQR) | 11.5 (5-16) |
| Median days from intubation to ECMO (IQR) | 4 (2-11) |
| Median days from SARS-CoV-2 confirmatory test to ECMO cannulation (IQR) | 11.5 (5-14.5) |
| Median days from symptom onset to ECMO cannulation (IQR) | 17 (13-19.8) |
| Other interventions before ECMO (%) | |
| Paralyzed | 31/37 (83.8) |
| Prone | 24/37 (64.9) |
| CPR | 2/37 (5.4) |
| CRRT | 2/37 (5.4) |
| Intubated | 37/37 (100) |
| Vasopressors, n (%) | 17/37 (45.9) |
| Initial cannulation site, n (%) | |
| Internal jugular VV | 7/37 (18.9) |
| Bilateral femoral VV | 30/37 (81.1) |
| Initial cannulated at bedside, n (%) | 37/37 (100) |
| Revision of cannula from bifemoral to internal jugular, n (%) | 11/37 (29.7) |
| Conversion of ECMO | |
| VV to VVA to VAV to VV | 1/37 (2.7) |
IQR, Interquartile range; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CRRT, continuous renal-replacement therapy; VV, venovenous; VVA, veno-veno-arterial; VAV, veno-arterio-venous.