Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with refractory COVID-19 before venovenous ECMO cannulation including demographics, comorbidities, and clinical course before initiation of ECMO
Median age, y (IQR) | 51 (40-59) |
Male sex, n (%) | 27/37 (73) |
Ethnicity | |
Hispanic | 19/37 (51) |
African American | 9/37 (24) |
White | 6/37 (16) |
Asian | 3/37 (8) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 33.9 (30.6-37.9) |
Coexisting conditions, n (%) | |
Hypertension | 25/37 (67.6) |
Diabetes | 19/37 (51.4) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3/37 (8.1) |
Active smoker | 1/37 (2.7) |
End-stage renal disease on hemodialysis | 1/37 (2.7) |
Immunodeficiency | 3/37 (8.1) |
Admission setting, n (%) | |
Direct admission to ECMO center | 23/37 (62.2) |
Transfer to ECMO center | 14/37 (37.8) |
Pre-ECMO hospital course | |
Median days from admit to intubation (IQR) | 5 (1-9.3) |
Median days from admit to ECMO (IQR) | 11.5 (5-16) |
Median days from intubation to ECMO (IQR) | 4 (2-11) |
Median days from SARS-CoV-2 confirmatory test to ECMO cannulation (IQR) | 11.5 (5-14.5) |
Median days from symptom onset to ECMO cannulation (IQR) | 17 (13-19.8) |
Other interventions before ECMO (%) | |
Paralyzed | 31/37 (83.8) |
Prone | 24/37 (64.9) |
CPR | 2/37 (5.4) |
CRRT | 2/37 (5.4) |
Intubated | 37/37 (100) |
Vasopressors, n (%) | 17/37 (45.9) |
Initial cannulation site, n (%) | |
Internal jugular VV | 7/37 (18.9) |
Bilateral femoral VV | 30/37 (81.1) |
Initial cannulated at bedside, n (%) | 37/37 (100) |
Revision of cannula from bifemoral to internal jugular, n (%) | 11/37 (29.7) |
Conversion of ECMO | |
VV to VVA to VAV to VV | 1/37 (2.7) |
IQR, Interquartile range; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CRRT, continuous renal-replacement therapy; VV, venovenous; VVA, veno-veno-arterial; VAV, veno-arterio-venous.