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. 2020 Dec 1;163(3):1071–1079.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.11.073

Table 1.

Characteristics of patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with refractory COVID-19 before venovenous ECMO cannulation including demographics, comorbidities, and clinical course before initiation of ECMO

Median age, y (IQR) 51 (40-59)
Male sex, n (%) 27/37 (73)
Ethnicity
 Hispanic 19/37 (51)
 African American 9/37 (24)
 White 6/37 (16)
 Asian 3/37 (8)
Body mass index, kg/m2 33.9 (30.6-37.9)
Coexisting conditions, n (%)
 Hypertension 25/37 (67.6)
 Diabetes 19/37 (51.4)
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3/37 (8.1)
 Active smoker 1/37 (2.7)
 End-stage renal disease on hemodialysis 1/37 (2.7)
 Immunodeficiency 3/37 (8.1)
Admission setting, n (%)
 Direct admission to ECMO center 23/37 (62.2)
 Transfer to ECMO center 14/37 (37.8)
Pre-ECMO hospital course
 Median days from admit to intubation (IQR) 5 (1-9.3)
 Median days from admit to ECMO (IQR) 11.5 (5-16)
 Median days from intubation to ECMO (IQR) 4 (2-11)
 Median days from SARS-CoV-2 confirmatory test to ECMO cannulation (IQR) 11.5 (5-14.5)
 Median days from symptom onset to ECMO cannulation (IQR) 17 (13-19.8)
Other interventions before ECMO (%)
 Paralyzed 31/37 (83.8)
 Prone 24/37 (64.9)
 CPR 2/37 (5.4)
 CRRT 2/37 (5.4)
 Intubated 37/37 (100)
Vasopressors, n (%) 17/37 (45.9)
Initial cannulation site, n (%)
 Internal jugular VV 7/37 (18.9)
 Bilateral femoral VV 30/37 (81.1)
Initial cannulated at bedside, n (%) 37/37 (100)
Revision of cannula from bifemoral to internal jugular, n (%) 11/37 (29.7)
Conversion of ECMO
 VV to VVA to VAV to VV 1/37 (2.7)

IQR, Interquartile range; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CRRT, continuous renal-replacement therapy; VV, venovenous; VVA, veno-veno-arterial; VAV, veno-arterio-venous.