Table 3.
Comparison of PRIMO participants between the two clusters revealed by hierarchical clustering.
| Characteristics | Cluster 1, n = 15 Low inflammatory levels on ART | Cluster 2, n = 118. Elevated inflammatory levels on ART | P-valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, men | 73·3 (11) | 72·0 (85) | 1 | ||
| Age, years | 46·4 (41·8, 53·8) | 48·2 (42·9, 53·7) | 0·67 | ||
| Under ART | |||||
| Current smoker | 46·7 (7) | 49·2 (58) | 0·87 | ||
| Alcohol consumer | 73·3 (11) | 70·3 (83) | 1·00 | ||
| BMI, kg/m² | 25·2 (23·0, 28·5) | 23·8 (21·4, 25·5) | 0·17 | ||
| ART duration, months | 66·9 (59·9, 71·8) | 75·8 (60·3, 94·9) | 0·17 | ||
| CD4+ T-cell count, cells/µL | 776 (637, 844) | 712 (590, 872) | 0·50 | ||
| CD4:CD8 Ratio | 1·3 (1·0, 1·5) | 1·2 (0·9, 1·7) | 0·75 | ||
| Ultrasensitive HIV RNA levels | |||||
| Undetectable | 60·0 (9) | 61·9 (73) | 0·89 | ||
| Detection threshold, copies/mLb | 2 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 3) | 0·89 | ||
| Detectable samples, copies/mL | 46 (14, 32) | 11 (4, 32) | 0·20 | ||
| Total HIV DNA level, log10 copies/106 PBMCsc | 2·8 (2·6, 3·1) | 2·5 (2·1, 2·8) | 0·02 | ||
| us-CRP, mg/mL | 1·47 (0·78, 2·47) | 1·59 (0·83, 3·35) | 0·53 | ||
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1·25 (0·88, 1·86) | 1·23 (0·78, 1·94) | 0·91 | ||
| IL-17, pg/mL | 0·07 (0·05, 0·16) | 0·09 (0·06, 0·17) | 0·78 | ||
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 2·79 (2·29, 3·40) | 3·15 (2·62, 3·98) | 0·08 | ||
| CXCL10 < 37 pg/mL | 86·7 (13) | 68·6 (81) | 0·23 | ||
| sTNFRII, pg/mL | 2595 (2115, 3532) | 3455 (2764, 4232) | 0·02 | ||
| Hyaluronic acid, ng/mL | 16·3 (10·6, 27·3) | 13·4 (8·5, 21·4) | 0·21 | ||
| sCD163, ng/mL | 404 (293, 485) | 476 (379, 643) | 0·02 | ||
| sCD14, ng/mL | 1554 (1401, 1770) | 2205 (1937, 2616) | < 0·0001 | ||
| I-FABP, pg/mL | 1547 (1154, 2212) | 2587 (1999, 2961) | < 0·0001 | ||
| At AHI diagnosis | |||||
| Symptomatic AHI | 73·3 (11) | 89·0 (105) | 0·10 | ||
| CD4+ T-cell count, cells/µL | 636 (428, 852) | 523 (371, 681) | 0·19 | ||
| Plasma HIV RNA levels, log10 copies/mL | 5·1 (3·9, 5·8) | 5·1 (4·5, 5·6) | 0·83 | ||
| CD4:CD8 ratio | 0·9 (0·5, 1·2) | 0·5 (0·3, 0·8) | 0·004 | ||
| Total HIV DNA level, log10 copies/106 PBMCs | 3·3 (2·9, 3·5) | 3·3 (3·0, 3·6) | 0·52 | ||
| Protective HLA I alleled | 33·3 (3) | 25·0 (20) | 0·69 | ||
| ART initiated in the month following AHI diagnosis | 13·3 (2) | 47·5 (56) | 0·01 | ||
Data are presented as the median (interquartile range) or percentage (No.).
a
Wilcoxon Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
b
detection threshold depended on the available plasma volume.
c
HIV DNA levels measured within a year before the measurement of inflammatory markers.
d
HLA class I alleles associated with slow progression of HIV disease [20]: (HLA-A*25, HLA-A*32, HLA-A*74, HLA-B*14, HLA-B*27, HLA-B*51, HLA-B*52, HLA-B*57) Data available for 9 and 80 participants.
Abbreviations: AHI, acute and early HIV infection; ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells.