Table 2.

Linear mixed-effect model analyses for character naming and lexical decision

	Character naming			Lexical decision
	Estimate	SE	T	Estimate	SE	t
Onset features
Stop	-0.028	0.016	-1.731	0.023	0.011	2.165
Aspirated	-0.177	0.019	-9.178	0.006	0.013	0.451
Voiced	-0.083	0.013	-6.185	0.001	0.009	0.088
Bilabial	0.031	0.021	1.479	-0.005	0.014	-0.373
Labiodental	0.099	0.029	3.414	0.005	0.019	0.245
Alveolar	0.068	0.017	4.090	-0.002	0.011	-0.148
Palatoal-veolar	0.156	0.017	9.330	0.007	0.011	0.628
Alveolo-palatal	0.178	0.017	10.325	-0.002	0.011	-0.202
Variables
Log CF	-0.110	0.007	-15.477	-0.074	0.006	-15.795
REG	-0.033	0.013	-2.595	-0.005	0.008	-0.600
UNP	-0.030	0.017	-1.688	-0.009	0.011	-0.745
NS	0.023	0.005	4.183	0.023	0.004	6.158
CON	-0.028	0.007	-4.223	-0.004	0.005	-0.904
PC	0.005	0.006	0.901	-0.006	0.004	-1.684
SC	0.011	0.005	2.177	0.008	0.003	2.224
SAR	-0.034	0.007	-5.024	-0.018	0.004	-3.930
IMG	-0.057	0.006	-10.371	-0.030	0.004	-8.174
AoA	0.030	0.007	4.515	0.025	0.004	5.844
R2_m	8.94%	5.63%
R2_c	32.38%	30.18%

Log CF log character frequency, REG regular, UNP unpronounceable, NS number of strokes, CON consistency, PC phonetic combinability, SC semantic combinability, SAR semantic ambiguity rating, IMG imageability, AoA age of acquisition, R²_m marginal R², R²_c conditional R²

Four lexical-semantic variables are indicated in bold