Table 2.
Risk of bias in the included studies according to Newcastle–Ottawa risk assessment scale
| Cohort studies | Selectiona | Comparabilityb | Outcomec |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anticholinergic burden and fractures | |||
| Crispo et al. [29] | 3/4 | 1/1 | 2/3 |
| Fraser et al. [30] | 3/4 | 0/1 | 2/3 |
| Hsu et al. [14] | 4/4 | 0/1 | 2/3 |
| Jamieson et al. [15] | 4/4 | 1/1 | 3/3 |
| Lu et al. [16] | 3/4 | 1/1 | 3/3 |
| Marcum et al. [31] | 2/4 | 1/1 | 2/3 |
| Case–Control studies | Selectiona | Comparabilityb | Exposurec |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anticholinergic burden and fractures | |||
| Chatterjee et al. [13] | 3/4 | 1/1 | 3/3 |
| Kose et al.[32] | 3/4 | 0/1 | 2/3 |
| Machado-Duque et al. [33] | 2/4 | 0/1 | 3/3 |
| Cohort Studies | Selectiona | Comparabilityb | Outcomec |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anticholinergic burden and osteoporosis or BMD | |||
| Ablett et al. [21] | 3/4 | 1/1 | 2/3 |
| Fraser et al. [30] | 3/4 | 1/1 | 1/3 |
A lower score represents a higher risk of bias
aA maximum rating of four can be given for the category “selection”
bA maximum rating of one can be given for the category “comparability”
cA maximum rating of three can be given for the categories “outcome” and “exposure”