Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Whole Group (N = 43) | RFT Group (N = 32) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up |
| Age [M ± SD] (Range) | 14.91 ± 2.10 (12–20) | 16.70 ± 2.21 (13–21) | 14.88 ± 2.08 (12–20) | 16.72 ± 2.07 (13–21) |
| Gender [n Female/Male] (%) | 26/17 (60.47/39.53) | 19/13 (59.38/40.62) | ||
| Ethnicity [n Caucasian/African/Hispanic/Other] (%) | 17/17/5/4 (39.53/39.53/11.63/9.3) | 12/12/4/4 (37.5/37.5/12.5/12.5) | ||
| Months until follow-up [M ± SD] (Range) | 21.05 ± 10.91 (11–61) | 21.69 ± 11.79 (12–61) | ||
| Psychiatric Profile [n] (%) | ||||
| MDD | 16 (37.21) | 14 (32.56) | 11 (34.38) | 11 (34.38) |
| Dysthymia | 4 (9.3) | 2 (4.65) | 1 (3.13) | 1 (3.13) |
| DDNOS | 1 (2.33) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Bipolar Disorder II | 1 (2.33) | 2 (4.65) | 2 (6.25) | 3 (9.38) |
| Anxiety | 19 (44.19) | 16 (37.21) | 15 (46.88) | 13 (40.62) |
| OCD | 1 (2.33) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.13) | 0 (0) |
| ODD | 5 (11.63) | 4 (9.3) | 1 (3.13) | 2 (6.25) |
| ADHD | 8 (18.6) | 10 (23.26) | 3 (9.38) | 6 (18.75) |
| Substance Use | 0 (0) | 4 (9.30) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.25) |
| Other | 0 (0) | 1 (2.33) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.13) |
| HC | 14 (32.56) | 14 (32.56) | 10 (31.25) | 10 (31.25) |
| Clinical Assessments [M ± SD] (Range) | ||||
| Med-naïve/Med-free/Medicated [n] (%) | 37/6/0 (86.05/13.96/0) | 30/9/4 (69.77/20.93/9.3) | 29/3/0 (90.62/9.38/0) | 22/6/4 (68.75/18.75/12.5) |
| CDRS-R | 32.60 ± 16.33 (17–72) | 33.88 ± 15.85 (17–71) | 31.31 ± 15.63 (17–72) | 34.91 ± 16.09 (17–71) |
| Anhedonia | 3.45 ± 2.88 (1–11)a | 3.19 ± 2.80 (1–11)a | 3.42 ± 2.87 (1–11)a | 3.47 ± 2.86 (1–11) |
| Irritability | 3.24 ± 2.44 (1–9)a | 2.69 ± 2.25 (1–8)a | 3.00 ± 2.28 (1–9)a | 2.88 ± 2.39 (1–8) |
| SHAPS | 22.98 ± 7.15 (14–43) | 21.14 ± 6.17 (14–38)a | 23.19 ± 7.60 (14–43) | 22.00 ± 6.34 (14–38) |
| Clinical Assessments in Mood and Anxiety Disorder Patients [M ± SD] (Range) | ||||
| CDRS-R | 39.55 ± 15.66 (18–72) | 40.86 ± 14.83 (19–71) | 37.32 ± 15.45 (18–72) | 41.95 ± 14.64 (19–71) |
| Anhedonia | 4.50 ± 2.89 (1–11)a | 4.18 ± 2.97 (1–11)a | 4.33 ± 2.92 (1–1)a | 4.45 ± 2.96 (1–11) |
| Irritability | 4.21 ± 2.41 (1–9)a | 3.50 ± 2.36 (1–8)a | 3.76 ± 2.36 (1–9)a | 3.68 ± 2.50 (1–8) |
| SHAPS | 23.66 ± 7.07 (15–43) | 22.32 ± 6.70 (14–38)a | 24.1o ± 7.89 (15–43) | 23.36 ± 6.80 (14–38) |
| BSSI | 3.10 ± 5.52 (0–20) | 4.21 ± 6.65 (0–23) | 3.64 ± 6.18 (0–20) | 5.09 ± 7.31 (0–23) |
Note: diagnoses and assessments were based on the DSM-IV to keep consistency across all participants over time. As participants could meet criteria for more than one disorder, totals not sum to 100%. MDD: major depressive disorder; DDNOS: depressive disorder not otherwise specified; Anxiety: includes generalized anxiety, social anxiety, phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic, anxiety disorder not otherwise specified; OCD: obsessive compulsive disorder; ODD: oppositional defiant disorder; ADHD: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; HC: healthy controls, no history of psychiatric illness. CDRS-R: Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised; Anhedonia: sum of anhedonia-related items from CDRS-R (item 2) and BDI-II (item 4 and item 12); Irritability: sum of irritability-related items from CDRS-R (item 8) and BDI-II (item 17); SHAPS: Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale; BSSI: Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation.
data missing from 1 participant.