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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Hear Res. 2020 May 28;402:108002. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108002

Fig 3. Detoxification of 4-HNE by GSTA isoforms.

Fig 3.

GSTA1, GSTA2, GSTA4, and GSTA5 are thought to be the major determinants of the intracellular concentration of 4-HNE. GSTA1 and GSTA2 can catalyze GSH-dependent reduction of lipid hydroperoxide (L-OOH). L-OOH is then reduced to the corresponding alcohol (L-OH) with oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and water as by-products, thereby blocking the formation of 4-HNE. GSTA4 and GSTA5 conjugate 4-HNE to GSH, forming a GSH-4-HNE conjugate (GS-HNE), which is then eliminated from the cell through the transmembrane transporters. PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid (i.e., linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid).